Partial Economic Evaluation
A study examining either the costs or the outcomes of an intervention, or both without comparison to an alternative, short of a full economic evaluation.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Particle Filter
A Monte Carlo technique estimating a dynamic system's state over time using weighted sample points, called particles, updated as new data arrive.
Particle Swarm Optimisation
A population-based optimisation technique inspired by flocking behaviour, in which candidate solutions adjust position based on their own and the group's best results.
Partitioned Survival Model
An oncology modelling technique estimating the proportion of a cohort in each health state using separately fitted survival curves for different endpoints, rather than modelling transitions.
Patient Outcome
A measurable change in health, function, symptoms, quality of life or survival experienced by a patient.
Pattern Mixture Model
A missing data modelling approach stratifying analysis by the observed pattern of missingness, rather than assuming one model applies to everyone.
Payback Period
The length of time required for the cumulative cash inflows from an investment to equal its initial cost.
Pearson Correlation
A measure quantifying the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables, ranging from negative one to positive one.
Per Member Per Month
A standard unit expressing a capitated payment as the fixed monthly amount received per enrolled member, regardless of services actually used.
Percentile
A descriptive statistic indicating the value below which a specified percentage of observations in a dataset fall.
Period Prevalence
The proportion of a population with a particular condition at any point during a specified period, combining existing and newly developed cases.
Permutation Test
A non-parametric hypothesis test determining significance by repeatedly rearranging observed data labels to build an empirical distribution under the null hypothesis.
Perspective
The viewpoint adopted in an economic evaluation that determines which categories of cost and outcome are included, such as payer, patient, or societal.
Peto Test
A variant of the log-rank test using a specific weighting scheme offering statistical efficiency advantages under certain patterns of censoring.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises, and eliminates a drug over time, covering bioavailability, clearance, and half-life.
Pharmacy-Based Risk Score
A numerical estimate of expected future healthcare costs calculated using prescription drug utilisation patterns as an indicator of health status.
Piecewise Model
A survival model dividing follow-up into distinct segments, each modelled with a separate, often simpler function, letting the hazard shape vary in steps.
Point Estimate
A single numerical value representing the best available estimate of an unknown parameter, unlike an interval estimate conveying its uncertainty range.
Point Prevalence
The proportion of a population found to have a particular condition at a single specific point in time, unlike period prevalence or incidence.
Poisson Distribution
A discrete probability distribution describing the number of times an event occurs within a fixed interval, assuming independence and a constant average rate.