15D
A generic, multi-attribute quality of life instrument measuring fifteen health dimensions, each scored on five levels, combined into a single utility index.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Absenteeism
Time lost from work due to illness, injury, or caregiving responsibilities, resulting in a direct, measurable cost to employers through lost productivity.
Absolute Shortfall
Absolute shortfall is the future QALYs lost with a condition under current care versus the age- and sex-matched population, used by NICE to judge severity.
Active Choice
Active choice is a choice architecture design that asks people to state a decision, such as on organ donation or vaccination, instead of setting a default.
Active Comparator
An active comparator is an existing treatment, rather than placebo, that a new health technology is compared with in HTA and economic evaluation.
Active Life Expectancy
Active life expectancy (ALE) is the average number of years a person of a given age can expect to live free of dependency in activities of daily living.
Activity-Based Budgeting
Activity-based budgeting (ABB) builds a health service budget from forecast service volumes, the activities each needs and each activity's cost per unit.
Activity-Based Costing
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a method that assigns resource costs to activities, then to patients or services in proportion to the activities they use.
Actuarial Projection
Actuarial projection estimates future health spending, insurance claims or fund balances for a population from assumptions on demography, costs and policy.
Adverse Selection
Adverse selection occurs when people who know they are higher risk buy more health or life insurance, which can raise premiums and drive out lower risks.
Affordability
Affordability is whether a payer or household can meet the cost of health care from available resources without displacing other care or causing hardship.
Affordability Threshold
An affordability threshold is the budget impact level above which a payer flags a new technology for special handling, even if it is cost-effective.
Age Weighting
Age weighting values a year of healthy life by the age at which it is lived, as in the original GBD DALY, which gave years in young adulthood most weight.
Aging-Driven Cost Growth
Aging-driven cost growth is the share of health spending growth due to an older population, usually smaller than growth from rising incomes and technology.
Allocative Efficiency
Allocative efficiency is spending a health budget on the mix of services that yields the most health or welfare, so that no reallocation could do better.
Anchor-Based MID
Anchor-based MID is a minimal important difference estimated by linking score changes to an external anchor, such as a patient's global rating of change.
Anchoring Bias
Anchoring bias is the pull of a starting value, such as an opening bid or the first offer in a time trade-off, on answers in health valuation surveys.
Annualisation
Annualisation is the conversion of a capital outlay into an equal yearly cost over the asset's useful life, using an annuity factor and the discount rate.
Annuity Factor
An annuity factor is the present value of one unit paid each period for a set number of periods, used to value level streams of health costs and QALYs.
AQoL
AQoL (Assessment of Quality of Life) is a family of Australian multi-attribute utility instruments, AQoL-4D to AQoL-8D, that score health states for QALYs.