15D
A generic, multi-attribute quality of life instrument measuring fifteen health dimensions, each scored on five levels, combined into a single utility index.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
340B Drug Pricing Program
A US federal programme requiring manufacturers to provide outpatient drugs to eligible organisations serving low-income populations at reduced prices.
Abbreviated New Drug Application
A streamlined US regulatory application letting a generic manufacturer gain approval by demonstrating bioequivalence to an approved reference drug, without repeating full trials.
Absenteeism
Time lost from work due to illness, injury, or caregiving responsibilities, resulting in a direct, measurable cost to employers through lost productivity.
Absolute Risk
The probability that an individual in a defined population will experience a specific outcome over a given period, without reference to a comparison.
Absolute Risk Reduction
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) is the control group's risk of an outcome minus the treated group's risk over the same period, so ARR equals CER minus EER.
Absolute Shortfall
Absolute shortfall is the future QALYs lost with a condition under current care versus the age- and sex-matched population, used by NICE to judge severity.
Absorbing State
An absorbing state is a state in a Markov model that patients cannot leave once they enter it, usually death, so the whole cohort eventually ends there.
Academic Detailing
Academic detailing is educational outreach in which trained clinicians visit prescribers to give independent, evidence-based advice about medicines.
Accelerated Approval
Accelerated approval is an FDA pathway that approves medicines for serious conditions on a surrogate endpoint, with confirmatory trials to verify benefit.
Accelerated Failure Time Model
An accelerated failure time (AFT) model is a survival model in which treatment or another factor stretches or shrinks time to an event by a time ratio.
Acceptability of Healthcare
Acceptability is the dimension of access concerned with whether people find health services culturally, socially and personally appropriate enough to use.
Access Barrier
An access barrier is any obstacle, such as cost, distance, waiting lists or discrimination, that prevents or delays a person obtaining needed healthcare.
Access Negotiation
Access negotiation is the process in which a health technology supplier and a payer agree the price, eligibility and other conditions for patient access.
Access Policy
Access policy is the set of government or health system measures, such as coverage, user charges and waiting time rules, that shape access to healthcare.
Access to Care
Access to care is the opportunity to obtain appropriate healthcare when needed, given the availability, location, cost and acceptability of services.
Accountability for Reasonableness
Accountability for reasonableness (A4R) is a fair-process framework for health priority setting: publicity, relevance, revisability and enforcement.
Accountable Care Organization
An accountable care organization (ACO) is a provider group that shares in savings if its patients' spending beats a benchmark and quality targets are met.
Acquired Treatment Resistance
Acquired treatment resistance is the loss of a cancer treatment's effect after initial response or disease control, as the tumour adapts and progresses.
Acquisition Cost
Acquisition cost is what a payer spends to buy a drug, at the price actually paid after any discounts, excluding administration and monitoring costs.