Action Research
Action research is a cyclical approach where researchers and staff plan, act, observe and reflect together to change health care while studying the change.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Active Choice
Active choice is a choice architecture design that asks people to state a decision, such as on organ donation or vaccination, instead of setting a default.
Active Comparator
An active comparator is an existing treatment, rather than placebo, that a new health technology is compared with in HTA and economic evaluation.
Active Control Trial
An active control trial is a randomised trial testing a new treatment against a known effective treatment, not placebo, for superiority or non-inferiority.
Active Life Expectancy
Active life expectancy (ALE) is the average number of years a person of a given age can expect to live free of dependency in activities of daily living.
Activities of Daily Living
Activities of daily living (ADL) are basic self-care tasks, such as bathing, dressing, toileting and eating, used to measure dependence and need for care.
Activity Limitation
Activity limitation is a difficulty a person has in carrying out a task or action, such as walking, washing or communicating, as defined in the WHO ICF.
Activity-Based Budgeting
Activity-based budgeting (ABB) builds a health service budget from forecast service volumes, the activities each needs and each activity's cost per unit.
Activity-Based Costing
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a method that assigns resource costs to activities, then to patients or services in proportion to the activities they use.
Activity-Based Funding
Activity-based funding (ABF) pays hospitals a preset, case-mix-weighted price for each episode of care, so income follows patient numbers and complexity.
Actuarial Analysis
Actuarial analysis uses probability and statistics to estimate expected health insurance claims for pricing premiums or contributions and holding reserves.
Actuarial Projection
Actuarial projection estimates future health spending, insurance claims or fund balances for a population from assumptions on demography, costs and policy.
Actuarial Value
Actuarial value (AV) is the share of the total allowed cost of covered care that a health plan is expected to pay for a standard population.
Adaptive Trial Design
Adaptive trial design is a trial plan whose prespecified rules let interim data change the trial, such as stopping early, while keeping inference valid.
Adaptive Value of Information
Adaptive value of information applies VOI analysis to staged research, re-valuing further data at each interim look to decide whether to continue.
Added Therapeutic Value
Added therapeutic value is the extra patient-relevant benefit a new medicine gives over existing care, as graded by HTA bodies such as HAS and G-BA.
Addiction Treatment Economics
Addiction treatment economics is the economic evaluation of treatments for substance use disorders, weighing their costs against health and crime outcomes.
Additive Interaction Scale
The additive interaction scale judges two exposures to interact when their joint risk difference departs from the sum of their separate risk differences.
Adherence
Adherence is how far a person's behaviour, such as taking medicines or following diet or lifestyle advice, matches recommendations agreed with a clinician.
ADME Studies
ADME studies measure how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolised and excreted, informing dose adjustments for organ impairment and drug interactions.