340B Drug Pricing Program
A US federal programme requiring manufacturers to provide outpatient drugs to eligible organisations serving low-income populations at reduced prices.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Abbreviated New Drug Application
A streamlined US regulatory application letting a generic manufacturer gain approval by demonstrating bioequivalence to an approved reference drug, without repeating full trials.
Academic Detailing
Academic detailing is educational outreach in which trained clinicians visit prescribers to give independent, evidence-based advice about medicines.
Acceptability of Healthcare
Acceptability is the dimension of access concerned with whether people find health services culturally, socially and personally appropriate enough to use.
Access Barrier
An access barrier is any obstacle, such as cost, distance, waiting lists or discrimination, that prevents or delays a person obtaining needed healthcare.
Access Policy
Access policy is the set of government or health system measures, such as coverage, user charges and waiting time rules, that shape access to healthcare.
Access to Care
Access to care is the opportunity to obtain appropriate healthcare when needed, given the availability, location, cost and acceptability of services.
Accountability for Reasonableness
Accountability for reasonableness (A4R) is a fair-process framework for health priority setting: publicity, relevance, revisability and enforcement.
Accountable Care Organization
An accountable care organization (ACO) is a provider group that shares in savings if its patients' spending beats a benchmark and quality targets are met.
Action Research
Action research is a cyclical approach where researchers and staff plan, act, observe and reflect together to change health care while studying the change.
Activities of Daily Living
Activities of daily living (ADL) are basic self-care tasks, such as bathing, dressing, toileting and eating, used to measure dependence and need for care.
Activity-Based Funding
Activity-based funding (ABF) pays hospitals a preset, case-mix-weighted price for each episode of care, so income follows patient numbers and complexity.
Actuarial Analysis
Actuarial analysis uses probability and statistics to estimate expected health insurance claims for pricing premiums or contributions and holding reserves.
Actuarial Value
Actuarial value (AV) is the share of the total allowed cost of covered care that a health plan is expected to pay for a standard population.
Added Therapeutic Value
Added therapeutic value is the extra patient-relevant benefit a new medicine gives over existing care, as graded by HTA bodies such as HAS and G-BA.
Administrative Barrier
An administrative barrier is a paperwork, enrolment, renewal or approval requirement that deters or delays use of healthcare.
Administrative Cost Ratio
Administrative cost ratio is the share of an insurer's premium income, or a health system's spending, used for administration rather than claims or care.
Administrative Feasibility
Administrative feasibility is whether the agencies that would run a health policy have the staff, systems and mandate to deliver it as designed.
Administrative Simplification
Administrative simplification is policy to cut the cost of health system paperwork, such as claims, eligibility checks and prior authorisation.
Administrative Waste
Administrative waste is health care administrative spending that adds no value or costs more than needed, such as duplicate reporting or complex billing.