Bargaining Theory
Bargaining theory explains how negotiating parties divide the gains from reaching agreement, as when a payer and a manufacturer agree a drug price.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Barrier to Implementation
A barrier to implementation is a factor, such as cost or staffing, that limits uptake of an effective health intervention, so health gains go unrealised.
Barthel Index
Barthel Index (BI) is a ten-item rating of independence in self-care and mobility, scored 0 to 100, used as an outcome in stroke and rehabilitation trials.
Base Case
The base case is a model's preferred set of inputs and assumptions and the primary results they produce, against which sensitivity analyses are compared.
Base Rate
Base rate is the standard payment per unit of case weight in prospective hospital payment, adjusted for local costs and multiplied by a stay's DRG weight.
Baseline Risk
Baseline risk is the probability of an event without the intervention under study; models apply relative treatment effects to it to give absolute benefit.
Basic Reproduction Number
The basic reproduction number (R0) is the average number of infections one typical case causes in a fully susceptible population, used in vaccine models.
Basket of Countries
The basket of countries is the set of foreign markets whose drug prices a regulator compares in external reference pricing to set a domestic price.
Basket Trial
A basket trial tests one targeted treatment in several diseases, usually tumour types, that share the same biomarker, with each disease forming a basket.
Bathtub Hazard
A bathtub hazard is a U-shaped hazard that is high soon after an event such as surgery, falls to a lower stable level, then rises again as patients age.
Baumol Effect
The Baumol effect is the rising relative cost of labour-intensive services such as health care as their pay tracks faster productivity growth elsewhere.
Bayes Theorem
Bayes theorem is the rule that updates a prior probability with new evidence to give a posterior probability, used for diagnostic tests and model inputs.
Bayesian Adaptive Design
Bayesian adaptive design is a clinical trial design in which pre-set rules on posterior or predictive probabilities trigger changes such as early stopping.
Bayesian Analysis
Bayesian analysis updates a prior distribution with data via Bayes' theorem to give a posterior, used in HTA for evidence synthesis and decision models.
Bayesian Analysis CEA
Bayesian cost-effectiveness analysis updates prior evidence on costs and health effects with new data to estimate net benefit and decision uncertainty.
Bayesian Information Criterion
Bayesian information criterion (BIC) ranks models fitted to the same data, such as HTA survival curves, by fit with a penalty that grows with sample size.
Bayesian Meta-Analysis
Bayesian meta-analysis combines prior distributions with results from several studies to give posterior and predictive distributions for an effect.
Bayesian Optimisation
Bayesian optimisation seeks the inputs that optimise a costly function, such as a model's fit to calibration targets, using a surrogate to pick each run.
Bed Capacity
Bed capacity is the number of staffed hospital beds immediately available for admitted patients, often reported per 1,000 population as a supply measure.
Bed Turnover
Bed turnover is the number of discharges, including deaths, per available hospital bed over a period, using the average number of beds available.