Attribution
Attribution is the assignment of patients to a provider so that their spending and quality of care count towards its performance in value-based payment.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Attrition
Attrition is the loss of participants from a trial or cohort study before follow-up ends, leaving outcome, cost and QALY data incomplete and open to bias.
Auction Theory
Auction theory in health economics studies how bidding rules in tenders set the price and supply of medicines, vaccines and medical equipment.
Audit and Feedback
Audit and feedback (A&F) is a quality improvement strategy that measures clinicians' practice against a target and returns the results to prompt change.
Automatic Substitution
Automatic substitution is pharmacy dispensing of a lower-cost equivalent generic or biosimilar for a prescribed brand without consulting the prescriber.
Autonomy
Autonomy is the ethical principle that people able to decide may make informed, voluntary choices about their own care, weighed in HTA ethical analysis.
Autoregressive Correlation
Autoregressive correlation is a structure for repeated measures in which correlation falls by a constant factor with each time step between measurements.
Available Case Analysis
Available case analysis is a missing data method estimating each quantity from everyone with data for it, so costs and QALYs may use different patients.
Average Cost
Average cost is total cost divided by the number of units produced, such as patients treated or bed days, giving the cost per unit of a health service.
Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio
The average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) is an option's cost per unit of health effect, in total or against doing nothing, without comparing options.
Average Length of Stay
Average length of stay (ALOS) is the mean number of days inpatients spend in hospital: total bed-days divided by discharges over the same period.
Average Manufacturer Price
Average Manufacturer Price (AMP) is the average price paid to a manufacturer for a drug supplied to US retail pharmacies, the basis of Medicaid rebates.
Average Sales Price
Average sales price (ASP) is a manufacturer's average US price for a drug in a quarter, net of most discounts and rebates; it sets Medicare Part B payment.
Average Treatment Effect
The average treatment effect (ATE) is the mean change in costs or health outcomes if a whole population received a treatment rather than its comparator.
Avoidable Cost
Avoidable cost is the cost a budget holder would no longer pay if a health service stopped or a disease was prevented, within a stated time period.
Background Mortality
Background mortality is the death rate a model's patients would face without the disease, usually taken from general population life tables by age and sex.
Balance Billing
Balance billing is a provider billing a patient for the gap between its full charge and the insurer's allowed amount, on top of normal cost sharing.
Balance Billing Protection
Balance billing protection is a legal rule that stops providers billing insured patients above in-network cost sharing, as under the US No Surprises Act.
Balanced Scorecard
The balanced scorecard (BSC) is a management tool linking a health care organisation's financial, patient, process and staff measures to its strategy.
Balancing Measure
A balancing measure is a quality improvement metric that checks whether a change that improves one part of a health system causes new problems elsewhere.