Universal Health Coverage Index
Universal Health Coverage Index (UHC service coverage index) is WHO's 0 to 100 score for SDG 3.8.1, built from 14 tracer measures of service coverage.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Unmarketed Good
An unmarketed good is an economic good, such as health or clean air, that is not traded in markets, so no market price shows its value in appraisal.
Unmet Need
Unmet need is health care a person needed but did not receive; in drug regulation, unmet medical need is a condition without adequate treatment.
Unstructured Correlation
Unstructured correlation lets each trial visit have its own variance and each pair of visits its own correlation in models of repeated utilities or costs.
Urgent Care
Urgent care is same-day treatment for illness or injury that needs prompt attention but is not an emergency, often given outside an emergency department.
Utilisation Review
Utilisation review (UR) is a payer's check of whether a patient's care is necessary and appropriate, used to curb unnecessary use and contain costs.
Utility
Utility is a numerical measure of preference; in health economics, a health utility values a health state on a scale where 1 is full health and 0 is dead.
Utility Function
A utility function gives each outcome a number so that preferred outcomes score higher; in health economics it values health states, survival and income.
Utility Maximisation
Utility maximisation is the assumption that a person chooses the affordable option they rank highest, the basis of health economic models of demand.
Utility Possibility Frontier
The utility possibility frontier is a Pareto frontier of utility levels, where fixed resources such as a health budget let no one gain unless others lose.
Vaccination Externalities
Vaccination externalities are the benefits one person's vaccination gives others by cutting disease spread, benefits that person ignores when choosing.
Vaccination Policy
Vaccination policy is how a government decides which vaccines its immunisation programme funds, for whom and when, and how doses are bought and delivered.
Vaccine Effectiveness
Vaccine effectiveness is how much a vaccine cuts disease risk in routine use, estimated from observational data and used in vaccine economic models.
Vaccine Efficacy
Vaccine efficacy is the percentage fall in disease risk in vaccinated trial participants versus controls, the protection input in vaccine economic models.
Value Judgement
A value judgement is a normative claim about what is good or ought to be done, such as weighting all QALYs equally, which evidence alone cannot settle.
Value of Information
Value of information (VOI) analysis estimates the expected benefit of reducing decision uncertainty, to judge whether more research is worth its cost.
Value of Statistical Life
Value of statistical life (VSL) is what people would pay for small cuts in their risk of death, per expected death avoided, used in cost-benefit analysis.
Value of Statistical Life Year
The value of a statistical life year (VSLY) is the money value per year of a small gain in life expectancy, derived from the VSL for cost-benefit analysis.
Value Set
A value set is the set of utility weights, from a general public valuation study, that scores every health state an instrument such as EQ-5D describes.
Value-Based Pricing
Value-based pricing sets a medicine's price by the health it adds over current care, typically the highest price that meets a cost-effectiveness threshold.