Pattern Mixture Model
A pattern mixture model fits a separate model for each missing data pattern, so trial dropouts can differ from completers in health economic evaluation.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Pearson Correlation
Pearson correlation is a -1 to +1 measure of linear association, the covariance over the product of standard deviations, as between costs and QALYs.
Pecuniary Externality
A pecuniary externality is an externality that works through prices, as when NHS demand raises agency rates other buyers pay, shifting money to sellers.
PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales
PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales are a 23-item paediatric health-related quality of life measure, scored 0 to 100 and often mapped to utilities for QALYs.
Performance Bias
Performance bias is systematic error from differences in care, co-interventions or behaviour between trial arms, often because people know the allocation.
Period Prevalence
Period prevalence is the share of a population with a condition at any time in a set interval, such as a year, used to count cases in annual costings.
Permutation Test
A permutation test is a hypothesis test that reshuffles treatment labels between trial patients to see how often a cost or outcome gap this large arises.
Person Trade-Off
Person trade-off (PTO) is a valuation method asking how many people helped one way equal a set number helped another, giving social values for health care.
Perspective
Perspective in health economic evaluation is the viewpoint, such as the health system, payer or society, that decides which costs and outcomes are counted.
Peto Test
The Peto test is a weighted log-rank test comparing survival between groups, weighting each event time by pooled survival so earlier events count more.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises and excretes a drug over time, which sets the dose and dosing interval.
PHQ-9
PHQ-9 is a nine-item patient-reported depression severity measure scored 0 to 27, used as a trial outcome and mapped to EQ-5D utilities for QALYs.
Piecewise Model
A piecewise model is a survival model used in economic evaluation that splits follow-up at cut points and fits a separate hazard within each interval.
Pigouvian Subsidy
A Pigouvian subsidy is a payment for an activity that benefits others, set equal to its marginal external benefit at the socially efficient level.
Pigouvian Tax
A Pigouvian tax is a tax on an activity that harms others, set equal to its marginal external cost at the efficient level of that activity.
Point Allocation Method
The point allocation method asks respondents to divide a fixed total of points, often 100, among health outcomes or criteria to show their relative value.
Point Estimate
A point estimate is a single value calculated from data, such as a mean cost or hazard ratio, offered as the best estimate of an unknown parameter.
Point Prevalence
Point prevalence is the share of a population with a condition on one date, counting new and existing cases, used to size caseloads and model cohorts.
Poisson Distribution
The Poisson distribution is a probability model for counts of events, such as hospital admissions, that occur independently at a constant rate over time.
Poisson Regression
Poisson regression models counts of health care events, such as admissions, as rates that change multiplicatively with patient and treatment factors.