Pairwise Meta-Analysis
Pairwise meta-analysis is the statistical pooling of trials of the same two treatments, such as head-to-head RCTs, into one estimate of relative effect.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Paradox of Voting
The paradox of voting is a social choice problem in which majority votes on three or more health options cycle though each voter ranks them consistently.
Parameter Distribution
A parameter distribution is a probability distribution describing uncertainty in the true value of a health economic model input, used in PSA.
Parameter Estimation
Parameter estimation is the process of using evidence and a specified model or estimating rule to infer the values of quantities needed to describe a population, relationship, or decision model.
Parameter Input
A parameter input (model parameter) is a value or distribution entered into a health economic model for a quantity such as a probability, cost or utility.
Parameter Uncertainty
Parameter uncertainty is uncertainty in the estimated values of a health economic model's inputs, such as treatment effects, costs and utilities.
Parametric Estimation
A statistical approach estimating a survival function by assuming the data follow a specific distribution, such as Weibull or log-normal, with estimated parameters.
Parametric Survival
Survival estimates derived from a fitted mathematical distribution rather than directly from observed data alone, allowing extrapolation beyond the data.
Parametric Survival Model
A parametric survival model specifies a probability distribution for time to a defined event, enabling estimation of survival and hazard functions and projection beyond observed follow-up under stated assumptions.
Pareto Efficiency
Pareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality, is a state where resources such as a health budget cannot be reallocated to help anyone without harming someone.
Pareto Frontier
The set of feasible options that are not dominated by another option that is at least as good on every specified objective and strictly better on at least one.
Pareto Improvement
A Pareto improvement is a change, such as a reallocation of a health budget, that makes at least one person better off and nobody worse off.
Partial Correlation
Partial correlation is the correlation between two variables, such as costs and QALYs, after the linear effects of other variables are removed from both.
Partial Economic Evaluation
A partial economic evaluation studies costs alone, outcomes alone, or one option's costs and outcomes without a comparator, so cannot show value for money.
Particle Filter
A sequential Monte Carlo algorithm that approximates the evolving probability distribution of a hidden state with weighted simulated particles, updating their weights as observations arrive.
Particle Swarm Optimisation
Particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is a search method that moves candidate solutions towards the best ones found, used to calibrate health economic models.
Partitioned Survival Model
A partitioned survival model is a cancer economic model that uses PFS and OS curves to split a cohort into progression-free, progressed and dead states.
Patient Information Leaflet
A patient information leaflet (PIL) is the approved leaflet in a medicine's pack telling users how to use it safely, based on the official product summary.
Patient Time Cost
Patient time cost is the value of the hours patients spend travelling to, waiting for and receiving health care, often valued at a wage rate.
Patient-Reported Outcome
A patient-reported outcome (PRO) is a health measure, such as a symptom score or EQ-5D answer, that the patient reports without clinician interpretation.