Analysis Error
Analysis error is a mistake in specifying, coding or reporting a statistical or economic analysis, such as a model slip that alters an ICER.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Analytic Epidemiology
Analytic epidemiology tests causes of disease by comparing groups, estimating the relative risks and attributable fractions used in economic models.
Anchor-Based MID
Anchor-based MID is a minimal important difference estimated by linking score changes to an external anchor, such as a patient's global rating of change.
Anchoring Bias
Anchoring bias is the pull of a starting value, such as an opening bid or the first offer in a time trade-off, on answers in health valuation surveys.
Anchoring Bias in Elicitation
Anchoring bias in elicitation is an expert's insufficient adjustment from a starting value, giving shifted, too-narrow distributions for model inputs.
Annualisation
Annualisation is the conversion of a capital outlay into an equal yearly cost over the asset's useful life, using an annuity factor and the discount rate.
Annuity Factor
An annuity factor is the present value of one unit paid each period for a set number of periods, used to value level streams of health costs and QALYs.
Annuity Payment
Annuity payment is an agreement to pay for a one-off therapy in yearly instalments, not upfront, with later ones sometimes stopping if the therapy fails.
Anonymization
Anonymization is processing personal health data so no one is identifiable by means reasonably likely to be used, taking it outside data protection law.
Antenatal Care Coverage
Antenatal care coverage is the share of women with a recent live birth who had at least one, four or eight antenatal contacts; ANC4+ is a UHC tracer.
Anti-Kickback Statute
The Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) is a US criminal law banning paying or receiving anything of value for referrals of care paid by federal health programmes.
Antibiotic Stewardship
Antibiotic stewardship is a coordinated programme that improves antibiotic prescribing to protect patients, slow resistance and cut avoidable costs.
Antimicrobial Economics
Antimicrobial economics applies health economics to anti-infectives: resistance as an externality, population value and incentives for new antibiotics.
Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microbes to withstand antimicrobial medicines, making infections harder to treat and costlier to manage.
Antithetic Variates
Antithetic variates are a variance reduction method that pairs each random draw with its mirror image so errors tend to cancel in Monte Carlo simulation.
Appeal Process
The appeal process in health technology assessment (HTA) lets consultees challenge a recommendation on set grounds, such as unfairness or unreasonableness.
Appeals Design
Appeals design is the set of rules for contesting a health insurer's coverage denial: filing windows, deadlines, review levels and independent review.
Applicability Assessment
Applicability assessment judges whether an economic evaluation or model fits a decision problem's population, comparators, care setting and methods.
Appraisal
Appraisal in HTA is the step after assessment in which a committee weighs the evidence and recommends whether a health technology should be funded.
Appraisal Committee
An appraisal committee is an independent expert and lay panel in an HTA body that weighs clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence to recommend on funding.