Mantel-Haenszel Method
The Mantel-Haenszel method pools 2x2 tables from trials or strata into one fixed-effect odds ratio, risk ratio or risk difference for HTA meta-analysis.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Mapping Function
A mapping function is a fitted equation predicting a preference-based utility such as EQ-5D from clinical or other outcome scores, to estimate QALYs.
Mapping Study
Mapping study is research that estimates and validates a model predicting health state utilities from a non-preference-based measure, for use in QALYs.
Marginal Analysis
Marginal analysis compares the extra cost and extra benefit of a small change in a health service, to judge whether expanding or cutting it is worthwhile.
Marginal Cost
Marginal cost is the change in total economic cost caused by producing one additional unit of output at a specified level of activity and over a specified time horizon.
Marginal Cost of Healthcare
The additional cost of providing one more unit of healthcare service, such as treating one further patient.
Marginal Rate of Substitution
The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is how much money or another good a person would give up for one more unit of health without being worse off.
Market Equilibrium
Market equilibrium is the price and quantity at which demand for a health service, medicine or health worker equals supply, so the market clears.
Market Failure
Market failure occurs when markets do not allocate resources efficiently, as in health care through externalities, unequal information or insurance gaps.
Markov Assumption
The Markov assumption is that the next transition in a state-transition model depends only on the current state and model time, not on earlier history.
Markov Chain
A Markov chain is a random process moving between states in which the next state depends only on the current state. It underlies Markov cohort models.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a set of simulation methods that draw correlated samples from the posterior of a Bayesian health economic model.
Markov Cohort Model
A Markov cohort model is a health economic model that moves a hypothetical cohort between health states each cycle to estimate expected costs and QALYs.
Markov Microsimulation
Markov microsimulation is an individual-level state-transition modeling method that simulates each person's sequence of health states over time using transition probabilities that may depend on current state, personal characteristics, time, and explicitly retained history.
Markov Model
A Markov model is a memoryless state-transition model used in economic evaluation: people move between health states each cycle, accruing costs and QALYs.
Marshallian Demand Curve
The Marshallian demand curve is a demand curve showing how much of a good, such as health care, a person buys at each price with money income held fixed.
Martingale Residual
A martingale residual is a patient's observed events minus those a fitted Cox survival model expected, used to check the functional form of covariates.
Matching-Adjusted Indirect Comparison
Matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) compares treatments across trials in HTA by weighting one trial's patients to match another's published data.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix algebra provides a compact way to represent and manipulate related quantities arranged in rows and columns.
Matrix Inversion
Matrix inversion finds a matrix that reverses the effect of a square matrix.