Linear Programming Health
An optimisation technique identifying the resource allocation that maximises or minimises a linear objective subject to linear constraints, such as a fixed budget.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Linear Regression
Linear regression models a continuous outcome, such as cost or QALYs, as a weighted sum of predictors plus error, usually fitted by least squares.
Liquidity Ratio
A liquidity ratio compares a health provider's cash and current assets with its short-term liabilities to show whether it can pay bills as they fall due.
Listwise Deletion
Listwise deletion, or complete-case analysis, drops any patient missing an analysis variable, so trial costs and QALYs come only from complete records.
Living HTA
Living HTA is a health technology assessment planned from the start to be updated at set intervals or triggers as evidence, comparators or prices change.
Log-Logistic Distribution
A two-parameter continuous distribution for positive event times whose logarithm is logistic; its survival function has a heavy tail, and its hazard may rise and then fall.
Log-Logistic Model
The log-logistic model is a parametric survival model, used in health economics, whose hazard can rise to one peak then fall, giving a long survival tail.
Log-Normal Distribution
The log-normal distribution describes positive values whose log is normal, used in health economic models for right-skewed inputs and for hazard ratios.
Log-Normal Model
A survival model based on the log-normal distribution, capable of representing a hazard that rises then falls, similar in shape to log-logistic.
Log-Rank Test
The log-rank test is a nonparametric test of whether groups such as trial arms have the same survival curve, widely used for time-to-event outcomes in HTA.
Logarithmic Pool
The logarithmic pool combines several experts' probability distributions for an uncertain model input into one by taking their weighted geometric mean.
Logistic Regression
Logistic regression models the log odds of a yes or no outcome, such as an admission, from patient covariates, giving odds ratios and event probabilities.
Long-Term Care Economics
The study of resources, financing, incentives and outcomes involved in sustained formal and unpaid support for people with ongoing care needs.
Longitudinal Design
A longitudinal design measures the same people or units on repeated occasions, letting health economists track change in health and costs over time.
Lorenz Curve
The Lorenz curve is a graph of the share of a total, such as health or health spending, held by each cumulative share of people ranked lowest to highest.
Loss to Follow-Up
Loss to follow-up occurs when trial participants stop providing data before follow-up ends, so later outcomes, costs and QALYs can be missing.
Lump-Sum Tax
A lump-sum tax is a tax whose amount no change in the taxpayer's behaviour can alter, the efficiency benchmark for funding health care from taxes.
Malmquist Index
The Malmquist index measures change in hospital or health system productivity between two periods, split into catch-up to best practice and frontier shift.
Managed Access Agreement
A managed access agreement is a time-limited NHS England deal funding a promising but uncertain medicine while data are collected for a NICE reappraisal.
Managed Entry Agreement
A managed entry agreement (MEA) lets a payer fund a new medicine on terms agreed with its maker, such as a discount, payment by results or data collection.