Standardised Mortality Ratio Application
The use of a standardised mortality ratio to adjust survival estimates for background mortality within a health economic model.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Standardised Residual
A regression diagnostic dividing an observation's raw residual by its estimated standard deviation, allowing comparison on a common scale.
Standardised Response Mean
A responsiveness statistic calculated as the mean score change over time divided by the standard deviation of that change, unlike an effect size.
State Occupancy
The amount of time, typically in cycles, that a patient or cohort proportion spends within a given health state in a Markov model.
State Reward
The cost or health outcome value assigned to a health state within a Markov model, accrued for each cycle a patient occupies it.
State Space Model
A modelling framework representing a system's evolution over time through a defined set of possible states and transition probabilities between them.
State Transition Model
A general term for a decision-analytic model, such as a Markov model, representing disease progression as movement between defined health states.
Statistical Fit
A measure of how well a specified statistical model's predictions align with observed data, judging whether the specification adequately fits the pattern.
Statistical Power
The probability that a statistical test will correctly detect a true effect of a specified size, calculated as one minus the beta level.
Statistical Process Control
A quality management method using statistical techniques to monitor a process, distinguishing normal variation from a genuine, significant change requiring action.
Statistical Significance
A judgement that an observed result is unlikely to have occurred by chance under the null hypothesis, based on a p-value below a threshold.
Steady State
A pharmacokinetic condition where a drug's concentration remains stable because the rate of administration equals the rate of elimination.
Step-Down Allocation
A method of allocating support department costs to operating departments in sequence, so that once allocated, no further costs return to that department.
Stochastic Analysis
An analysis in which a model incorporates randomness explicitly, so repeated runs under the same inputs can produce different results, unlike a deterministic model.
Stochastic Frontier Analysis
A parametric method estimating relative efficiency of comparable units by modelling an efficiency frontier while accounting for random statistical noise.
Stochastic Programming
An optimisation framework incorporating parameter uncertainty directly into the process, seeking a solution that performs well across possible parameter values.
Stochastic Simulation
A simulation method that explicitly incorporates random variation to represent uncertainty in the behaviour of a system or process.
Stock and Flow Model
A system dynamics structure representing accumulations, called stocks, such as infected individuals, and the rates of change into and out of them, called flows.
Stop-Loss
Insurance coverage limiting a self-insured employer's maximum exposure by covering claims above a predefined threshold, individually or in aggregate.
Stratified Log-Rank
A variant of the log-rank test accounting for stratifying variables, comparing survival within each stratum before combining into an overall statistic.