Kakwani Index
The Kakwani index measures the progressivity of health care financing as the concentration index of payments minus the Gini coefficient of ability to pay.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Kalman Filter
A recursive estimator that predicts an evolving latent state and updates that estimate and its uncertainty when a new noisy measurement arrives.
Kaplan-Meier Curve
A graphical display of the Kaplan-Meier survival estimate, shown as a step function that decreases at each observed event over time.
Kaplan-Meier Estimator
The Kaplan–Meier estimator calculates a non-parametric estimate of the survival function when follow-up can be right-censored.
Kaplan-Meier Method
The overall approach of estimating and comparing survival functions using the Kaplan-Meier estimator, accounting for censored observations in time-to-event data.
Kappa Statistic
The kappa statistic (Cohen's kappa) measures chance-corrected agreement between two raters on a categorical judgement, such as reviewers screening studies.
Karnofsky Performance Status
Karnofsky Performance Status is a clinician-rated 11-level score of a cancer patient's function, 100 normal and 0 dead, used to set treatment eligibility.
Katz ADL Index
Katz ADL Index is a rating of independence in six basic activities of daily living, used to define dependency in trials and care models for older people.
KCCQ
KCCQ is a 23-item heart failure questionnaire scoring symptoms, function, social limitation and quality of life 0 to 100, used as a trial and HTA outcome.
Kendall Tau
Kendall tau is a rank correlation from minus one to one, comparing how often two rankings of health states or treatments order pairs alike or reversed.
KIDSCREEN-10
KIDSCREEN-10 is a ten-item measure of health-related quality of life and wellbeing for ages 8 to 18, scored as a Rasch T-value against European norms.
Knowledge Brokering
Knowledge brokering is work by people or organisations that link researchers with health decision makers so that research evidence is used in decisions.
Knowledge Graph
A knowledge graph is a graph of data whose nodes stand for entities and whose edges stand for named relations, used to link trial, drug and coding data.
Kurtosis
Kurtosis is the standardised fourth moment of a distribution, a measure of tail heaviness that flags rare extreme values such as very high patient costs.
Landmark Analysis
Landmark analysis is a survival method that starts follow-up at a set time, keeps only patients still event-free then and groups them by their status then.
Language Bias
Language bias is a reporting bias in which a study's language of publication depends on its results, so reviews limited to English can misstate effects.
Large Language Model
A large language model (LLM) is a deep learning model trained on vast text to predict the next token, used in HTA work to screen studies and extract data.
Large Simple Trial
A large simple trial randomises thousands of patients with simple entry rules and minimal data to detect moderate effects on death or serious disability.
Last Observation Carried Forward
Last observation carried forward (LOCF) fills missing trial follow-up values with each participant's last observed value, assuming no change after dropout.
Latent Class Analysis
Latent class analysis (LCA) finds unobserved patient subgroups from patterns in categorical data, such as recorded conditions or diagnostic test results.