Dominance Analysis
Dominance analysis drops health care options beaten on cost and health effect by another option or a blend of two, so ICERs compare only efficient ones.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Dose Response
Dose response is the relationship between the amount of a drug or exposure and the size or probability of its effect, used in dose selection and HTA.
Double Counting
Double counting is an analysis error in economic evaluation in which one cost or benefit is counted twice, such as an NHS saving also entered as a benefit.
DRG Creep
DRG creep is a rise in recorded hospital case mix, and so in DRG payments, that comes from coding changes rather than from sicker or more complex patients.
Drug Pricing
Drug pricing is how manufacturers and payers set and negotiate the amount paid for a medicine, under government pricing policies and patent protection.
Dynamic Model
A dynamic model is a health economic model whose predictions feed back into its later rates, as when vaccinating some people lowers the risk for others.
Dynamic Programming Health
An optimisation technique solving complex sequential decision problems by breaking them into smaller, nested subproblems solved in relation to one another.
Dynamic Transmission Model
A dynamic transmission model (DTM) lets infection risk rise and fall with the number of infectious people, so vaccine evaluations count herd protection.
Early Health Technology Assessment
Early health technology assessment (early HTA) estimates a health technology's potential value during development to guide design, research and investment.
ECOG Performance Status
ECOG Performance Status is a clinician-rated six-grade scale of a cancer patient's functioning, grade 5 being death, used for trial eligibility and models.
Economic Evaluation
Economic evaluation, often called health economic evaluation, compares the costs and outcomes of healthcare options to judge which offers the best value.
Economically Justifiable Price
The economically justifiable price (EJP) is the top price a manufacturer can defend on cost-effectiveness grounds at a given payer's threshold.
Edgeworth Box
The Edgeworth box is a diagram of each split of fixed amounts of two goods, such as health care and food, between two people, showing Pareto efficiency.
Effect Size
Effect size is the magnitude of a treatment effect or association, on a scale such as a risk ratio or mean difference, used in HTA and economic models.
Effect Size Estimation
The statistical process of calculating a quantitative measure of a treatment effect's magnitude, often standardised to allow comparison across differing measurement scales.
Effective Reproduction Number
The effective reproduction number (Rt) is the average number of people one case infects at time t, given immunity and control, used in vaccine models.
Effective Sample Size
Effective sample size (ESS) is the number of independent patients or draws that would match the precision of a clustered, weighted or correlated sample.
Effectiveness
The benefits and harms an intervention produces under care conditions relevant to a specified population, comparator, outcome and time horizon.
Efficiency
Efficiency is getting the most health or other valued outcomes from scarce healthcare resources, avoiding waste and allocating them to their best uses.
Efficiency Frontier
The efficiency frontier is the line joining the non-dominated treatments for one indication on a plot of benefit against cost, as used by Germany's IQWiG.