Diagnosis-Based Risk Score
A diagnosis-based risk score uses a person's recorded diagnoses and demographics to predict their healthcare costs relative to a population average.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Diagnostic Accuracy
Diagnostic accuracy is how well a test agrees with a reference standard in detecting a target condition, usually reported as sensitivity and specificity.
Diagnostic Model
A diagnostic model is a multivariable prediction model estimating the probability a condition is present now, to guide testing, referral and treatment.
Diagnostic Safety
Diagnostic safety is avoiding harm and wasted care from missed, delayed or wrong diagnoses, through correct, timely diagnoses explained to patients.
Difference-in-Differences
Difference-in-differences (DiD) estimates a policy's causal effect by comparing outcome changes over time in an exposed group and a comparison group.
Differential Discounting
Differential discounting applies a lower annual discount rate to future health effects, such as QALYs, than to future costs in an economic evaluation.
Differential Pricing
Differential pricing is charging different prices for the same patented medicine in different markets, typically lower where ability to pay is lower.
Diffusion
Diffusion in health economics is the spread of a new technology's use among eligible patients and providers over time, shaping costs and health gains.
Diffusion of Innovation
Diffusion of innovation is Rogers' theory of how new treatments and practices spread through a health system over time, via communication and imitation.
Digital Adoption
Digital adoption is the uptake and continued use of a digital health technology by patients, carers, clinicians or the organisations that provide care.
Digital Divide
The digital divide is the gap between people who can access, use and benefit from digital technology and those who cannot, often along social lines.
Digital Equity
Digital equity in health is fair access to digital health care, with the devices, connection and skills to use it, and fair outcomes across social groups.
Digital Evidence Framework
A digital evidence framework sets the evidence a digital health technology should show before it is bought, scaled to its clinical and financial risk.
Digital Health
Digital health is the use of digital technologies, such as apps, wearables, telemedicine and AI, to improve health and the delivery of health care.
Digital Implementation
Digital implementation is the work of putting a digital health technology into routine care with workflow redesign, integration, training and governance.
Digital Interoperability
Digital interoperability is the ability of different digital health systems to exchange data and use it with a shared meaning, without manual re-entry.
Digital Therapeutic
A digital therapeutic (DTx) is health software that treats or alleviates a disease by delivering a medical intervention of proven therapeutic benefit.
Diminishing Marginal Utility
Diminishing marginal utility is the economic principle that each extra unit of a good adds less utility than the last, so the rich will pay more for care.
Diminishing Returns
Diminishing returns is the eventual fall in extra health from each added unit of care, such as another screening round, when other inputs stay fixed.
Direct Cost
Direct cost is a cost traced to a service or patient or, in economic evaluation, resources used for care or due to illness, such as medicines and travel.