Case-Control Design
Case-Control Design is an observational study comparing past exposures of cases (with an outcome) and controls (without it), used in HTA for rare outcomes.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Case-Mix Adjustment
Case-mix adjustment corrects comparisons of providers' costs or outcomes for differences in the patients they treat, so that like is compared with like.
Cash Budget
A cash budget is a period-by-period forecast of cash receipts and payments that shows when a health organisation will need financing or have spare cash.
Cash Flow
Cash flow is the money an organisation such as a hospital or health payer receives and pays out over a period, which can differ from its surplus or costs.
Catastrophic Health Expenditure
Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is out-of-pocket health spending that exceeds a set share of a household's total budget or its capacity to pay.
Categorical Data
Categorical data record which of a set of categories each observation falls in, such as alive or dead or an EQ-5D level, instead of a measured amount.
Categorical Targeting
Categorical targeting makes everyone in an easily observed group, such as children or older people, eligible for a benefit without testing individual need.
Category Rating
Category rating is a health state valuation method where people place health states on a scale of ordered, equal-interval categories between two anchors.
Causal Inference
Causal inference estimates what would happen to health outcomes or costs if a treatment or policy changed, using data, study design and stated assumptions.
Causal Loop Diagram
A causal loop diagram (CLD) maps signed cause-and-effect links between variables to show the feedback loops driving a health system or decision problem.
Causal Pathway
A causal pathway is the sequence of steps through which an intervention or exposure produces a health outcome, acting through intermediate variables.
Ceiling Effect
A ceiling effect is a measurement limitation in which many respondents score at the top of a health scale, so further improvement cannot be detected.
Censoring
Censoring in survival analysis occurs when a patient's time to an event is only partly known, for example still event-free when trial follow-up ends.
Census Data
Census data are counts and characteristics of a whole population from periodic official enumeration, used in health economics for denominators and models.
Central Limit Theorem
The central limit theorem states that the mean of many independent observations with finite variance is approximately normal, whatever their distribution.
Certainty Equivalent
A certainty equivalent is the sure amount of money or health that a person values as highly as a risky prospect, such as an uncertain medical bill.
Certainty of Evidence
Certainty of evidence is GRADE's rating, from high to very low, of confidence that a true effect falls on one side of a threshold or within a chosen range.
Certificate of Need
A certificate of need (CON) is a US state approval that health care providers must obtain before major capital spending, new facilities or new services.
Chance Node
A chance node is a point in a decision tree where an uncertain event, not a choice, decides the pathway, and its branch probabilities sum to one.
Charge Master
A charge master (chargemaster) is a US hospital's list of gross charges for every item and service it bills, before any discount or negotiated rate.