Dynamic Programming
An algorithmic technique that solves a problem by combining solutions to overlapping subproblems and storing those solutions to avoid repeated computation.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Dynamic Programming Health
An optimisation technique solving complex sequential decision problems by breaking them into smaller, nested subproblems solved in relation to one another.
Dynamic Transmission Model
An epidemiological model representing how infection risk for a susceptible individual depends on current population prevalence, capturing feedback such as herd immunity.
Early Health Technology Assessment
The assessment of a health technology during development to inform design, evidence generation, pricing and market-access strategy.
Economic Evaluation
Economic evaluation compares the costs and outcomes of healthcare alternatives to inform decisions about value and limited resource allocation.
Economic Policy
A set of governmental choices affecting resource allocation, incentives, financing and economic activity.
Effect Size
A quantitative measure of a phenomenon's magnitude, such as the difference between two groups, expressed to allow comparison across studies using different scales.
Effect Size Estimation
The statistical process of calculating a quantitative measure of a treatment effect's magnitude, often standardised to allow comparison across differing measurement scales.
Effective Reproduction Number
The average number of secondary infections from one infected person in a population not entirely susceptible, accounting for existing immunity or control measures.
Effective Sample Size
The sample size a simple random sample would need to match the precision of an actual sample from a more complex design, such as clustered.
Efficiency
Efficiency describes how well scarce resources are used to produce valued outputs or outcomes, including whether resources are used without avoidable waste and whether they are allocated among competing uses in a way that best advances stated objectives.
Efficiency Frontier
The boundary formed by non-dominated interventions plotted by cost and effect, showing the best attainable outcome at each level of spending.
Efficiency Frontier Analysis
A method identifying the best-observed combinations of inputs and outputs among comparable units, forming a frontier against which all others are benchmarked.
Efficiency Frontier Method
An analytical approach that identifies the efficiency frontier among a set of interventions to determine which non-dominated options warrant incremental comparison.
Efficiency Index
A summary statistic quantifying a provider's relative efficiency at converting inputs into outputs, commonly derived from data envelopment analysis.
Efficient Design
An experimental design built to maximise the statistical information obtained from a given number of choice tasks.
Egger Test
A statistical test for funnel plot asymmetry, and by extension potential publication bias, using regression of effect estimates against standard errors.
Eigenvalue
A mathematical quantity indicating the amount of variance explained by its corresponding direction, used in factor analysis to decide how many factors to keep.
Eigenvector
A non-zero vector whose direction remains unchanged when transformed by a matrix, although its magnitude may be scaled.
Elastic Demand
A condition in which quantity demanded changes proportionally more than a given price change, indicating consumers are relatively sensitive to price.