Charity Care
Charity care is free or discounted care a provider gives to patients who meet its financial assistance criteria and cannot pay all or part of the bill.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Chi-Square Distribution
The chi-square distribution describes a sum of squared independent standard normals and is the reference for likelihood ratio, heterogeneity and fit tests.
Choice Architecture Intervention
A choice architecture intervention changes how health options are set out, such as defaults, order or placement, to shift choices without removing options.
Choice Experiment Design
Choice experiment design is the plan of attributes, levels and choice tasks in a DCE, which fixes the health preference effects that can be estimated.
Choice Model Estimate
Choice model estimate is a preference weight, or a derived value such as willingness to pay, from a choice model fitted to stated or revealed choices.
Choice Overload
Choice overload is the effect in which a large or complex set of options can lead people to defer a choice or regret it, as in health insurance markets.
Choice Set
The group of alternatives, typically hypothetical options and sometimes a status quo, presented to a respondent in a single choice task.
Choice Theory
Choice theory is the economic theory of how people choose among options given preferences and limited resources, underpinning demand and health valuation.
Choice-Based Conjoint
Choice-based conjoint (CBC) is conjoint analysis in which patients or others choose between sets of described treatments or services rather than rate them.
Cholesky Decomposition
Cholesky decomposition factorises a positive-definite covariance matrix into a triangular matrix and its transpose, used to sample correlated PSA inputs.
Choosing Wisely
Choosing Wisely is a clinician-led campaign in which specialty societies list overused tests and treatments that doctors and patients should question.
CHU9D
CHU9D (Child Health Utility 9D) is a generic preference-based measure of children's health-related quality of life, used to calculate paediatric QALYs.
Citizen Jury
A citizen jury is a small, randomly selected group of the public who hear expert evidence on a health policy question, deliberate and make recommendations.
Claims Adjudication
Claims adjudication is a payer's review of a healthcare claim to decide whether to pay it in full, in part or not at all, and what the patient owes.
Claims Data
Claims data are records providers submit to insurers or public payers to be paid, reused in health economics to measure resource use, costs and outcomes.
Classification Accuracy
Classification accuracy is the proportion of cases a test, coder or prediction rule assigns to the correct category, judged against a reference standard.
Classification Methods
Classification methods are statistical and machine learning techniques that assign patients or other cases to predefined classes, such as risk groups.
Clawback
Clawback is a payment that medicine manufacturers return to a payer when total public spending on medicines exceeds an agreed cap.
Clinical Alert
A clinical alert is an automated message in a health record or ordering system warning a clinician of a patient-specific risk, such as a drug interaction.
Clinical Algorithm
A clinical algorithm is a set of explicit step-by-step rules, drawn as a flowchart or run in software, that sets the next test or treatment for a patient.