Cost-Plus Pricing
Cost-plus pricing sets the price of a medicine or health product as its estimated unit cost plus a profit mark-up, either a percentage or a fixed amount.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Diabetes Complications
Long-term health consequences of poorly controlled diabetes, including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, and eye disease.
Differential Pricing
Differential pricing is charging different prices for the same patented medicine in different markets, typically lower where ability to pay is lower.
Dose Response
Dose response is the relationship between the amount of a drug or exposure and the size or probability of its effect, used in dose selection and HTA.
Economically Justifiable Price
The economically justifiable price (EJP) is the top price a manufacturer can defend on cost-effectiveness grounds at a given payer's threshold.
Half-Life
A half-life is the time required for a defined quantity to decline to half its initial value under a specified decay process.
Long-Term Care Economics
The study of resources, financing, incentives and outcomes involved in sustained formal and unpaid support for people with ongoing care needs.
Mental Health Economics
The broad application of health economic evaluation to mental health conditions and treatment, spanning prevention, psychotherapy, medication, and specialist psychiatric services.
Objective Response Rate
Objective response rate is the proportion of participants in a prespecified analysis population who achieve a complete or partial tumor response according to defined response criteria during the assessment period, with any confirmation requirement stated.
Overall Survival
Overall survival (OS) is the time from randomisation or another set start to death from any cause, a final endpoint driving life-years and QALYs in HTA.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises and excretes a drug over time, which sets the dose and dosing interval.
Precision Medicine
An approach to prevention, diagnosis or treatment that uses relevant individual or disease characteristics to select a more appropriate care strategy.
Progression-Free Survival
Progression-free survival (PFS) is the time from randomisation to cancer progression or death, the trial endpoint behind the progression-free state in HTA.
Risk Evaluation
A formal assessment of a drug's potential safety risks, sometimes resulting in a required mitigation strategy such as restricted distribution or mandatory counselling.
Route of Administration
The specific pathway by which a drug enters the body, such as oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, or inhaled, affecting absorption and onset of action.
Screening Economics
The economic assessment of a screening programme’s full pathway, comparing its costs, health benefits, harms, budget implications and opportunity costs with feasible alternatives.
Steady State
A steady state in a Markov model is the stationary distribution of a cohort across health states, unchanged from cycle to cycle under fixed transitions.
Vaccine Effectiveness
Vaccine effectiveness is how much a vaccine cuts disease risk in routine use, estimated from observational data and used in vaccine economic models.
Vaccine Efficacy
Vaccine efficacy is the percentage fall in disease risk in vaccinated trial participants versus controls, the protection input in vaccine economic models.
Value-Based Pricing
Value-based pricing sets a medicine's price by the health it adds over current care, typically the highest price that meets a cost-effectiveness threshold.