Aging-Driven Cost Growth
Aging-driven cost growth is the share of health spending growth due to an older population, usually smaller than growth from rising incomes and technology.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
AI Diagnostic Value
AI diagnostic value is the assessment of an AI diagnostic tool's net health and cost effect in a care pathway, judged on outcomes, not accuracy alone.
Akaike Information Criterion
Akaike information criterion (AIC) is a statistic ranking models fitted to the same data, such as survival curves in HTA, by fit penalised per parameter.
Alcohol Use Economics
Alcohol use economics estimates what drinking costs health services and society and tests the value for money of alcohol screening and control policies.
All-Cause Mortality
All-cause mortality is the rate of death from any cause in a population; models take background rates from life tables, and trials use it as an endpoint.
Allocative Efficiency
Allocative efficiency is spending a health budget on the mix of services that yields the most health or welfare, so that no reallocation could do better.
Alpha Spending
Alpha spending is a group sequential trial method that spreads the type I error rate (alpha) across interim and final analyses as information accrues.
AMCP Dossier
The AMCP dossier is a manufacturer's evidence package, built to AMCP's Format for Formulary Submissions, that US health plans use in formulary decisions.
AMR Economic Burden
AMR economic burden is the extra cost antimicrobial resistance imposes on health systems and economies, measured against susceptible or no infection.
Anchoring Bias
Anchoring bias is the pull of a starting value, such as an opening bid or the first offer in a time trade-off, on answers in health valuation surveys.
Annualisation
Annualisation is the conversion of a capital outlay into an equal yearly cost over the asset's useful life, using an annuity factor and the discount rate.
Annuity Factor
An annuity factor is the present value of one unit paid each period for a set number of periods, used to value level streams of health costs and QALYs.
Annuity Payment
Annuity payment is an agreement to pay for a one-off therapy in yearly instalments, not upfront, with later ones sometimes stopping if the therapy fails.
Antibiotic Stewardship
Antibiotic stewardship is a coordinated programme that improves antibiotic prescribing to protect patients, slow resistance and cut avoidable costs.
Antimicrobial Economics
Antimicrobial economics applies health economics to anti-infectives: resistance as an externality, population value and incentives for new antibiotics.
Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microbes to withstand antimicrobial medicines, making infections harder to treat and costlier to manage.
Antithetic Variates
Antithetic variates are a variance reduction method that pairs each random draw with its mirror image so errors tend to cancel in Monte Carlo simulation.
Applicability Assessment
Applicability assessment judges whether an economic evaluation or model fits a decision problem's population, comparators, care setting and methods.
Area Under Curve
Area under the curve (AUC), or C-statistic, is the probability a test or risk model scores a random case above a random non-case (0.5 chance, 1 perfect).
Arrival Process
Arrival process is the pattern in time, random or scheduled, by which patients or other entities enter a queueing model or simulation of a health service.