Advance Care Planning
Advance care planning (ACP) is a process in which people discuss and record their goals and preferences for future medical care with family and clinicians.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Adverse Event Reporting
Adverse event reporting sends suspected drug reactions and safety incidents to regulators or national systems, giving safety signals but not event rates.
Age Rating
Age rating is setting health insurance premiums by the buyer's age, as expected costs rise with age; some laws cap it, such as the US 3:1 adult limit.
Aggregate Stop-Loss
Aggregate stop-loss is insurance that reimburses a self-funded employer for total health claims above an agreed attachment point in a plan year.
AI Agent
An AI agent is an AI system that pursues a goal in steps, such as finding and extracting trial data for a review, choosing each step from the last result.
Alcohol Policy
Alcohol policy is the set of public measures, such as alcohol taxes, minimum unit prices and limits on sales and marketing, used to reduce alcohol harm.
Alert Fatigue
Alert fatigue is clinicians' falling response when too many low-value computerised alerts consume time and attention, so important ones are overridden too.
All-Payer System
An all-payer system is a provider payment arrangement in which a regulator sets the rates that every payer, public or private, pays for the same service.
Alliance Model
An alliance model is a health care arrangement in which independent providers and commissioners share goals, decisions, risk and reward without merging.
Alma-Ata Declaration
The Alma-Ata Declaration is the 1978 WHO and UNICEF conference statement that defined primary health care and made it the key to Health for All by 2000.
Ambulatory Care
Ambulatory care is health care without an overnight hospital stay, such as GP, outpatient and day-case care, counted apart from inpatient care spending.
Ambulatory Payment Classification
Ambulatory Payment Classification (APC) is Medicare's grouping of clinically similar, similarly costly hospital outpatient services sharing one base rate.
Anonymization
Anonymization is processing personal health data so no one is identifiable by means reasonably likely to be used, taking it outside data protection law.
Anti-Kickback Statute
The Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) is a US criminal law banning paying or receiving anything of value for referrals of care paid by federal health programmes.
Appeal Process
The appeal process in health technology assessment (HTA) lets consultees challenge a recommendation on set grounds, such as unfairness or unreasonableness.
Appeals Design
Appeals design is the set of rules for contesting a health insurer's coverage denial: filing windows, deadlines, review levels and independent review.
Appraisal
Appraisal in HTA is the step after assessment in which a committee weighs the evidence and recommends whether a health technology should be funded.
Appraisal Committee
An appraisal committee is an independent expert and lay panel in an HTA body that weighs clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence to recommend on funding.
Appropriate Care
Appropriate care is care whose expected benefit exceeds its harms by a clear margin, avoiding overuse and underuse that reduce health system efficiency.
Appropriateness Criteria
Appropriateness criteria are expert panel ratings of when a procedure's benefit exceeds its harms enough to be worth doing, exclusive of cost.