Composite EndpointCombined Endpoint, Composite Primary Endpoint
A trial outcome combining two or more individual events, such as death and hospitalisation, into a single measure, counted if any occurs.
Clinical Trials & Real-World Evidence
Terms for clinical trial design and for evidence drawn from routine practice outside trials.
- Topic: Clinical Trials & Real-World Evidence
- 40 terms
- Editor reviewed
ConfounderConfounding Variable, Confounding Factor
A variable associated with both the exposure being studied and the outcome of interest, without being a step in the causal pathway between them.
Control ArmTrial Control Group, Comparison Arm
The trial group receiving a comparator treatment, such as a placebo or standard of care, against which the experimental intervention is compared.
Crossover TrialCross-Over Trial, Within-Subject Trial
A trial in which participants sequentially receive two or more treatments under comparison, with each participant's response compared against their own.
Double BlindDouble-Blind Design, Double-Masked
A trial design in which neither participants nor those administering treatment and assessing outcomes know a given participant's treatment assignment.
Efficacy-Effectiveness GapEfficacy-Effectiveness Difference, Trial-to-Practice Gap
The observed difference between a treatment's trial-demonstrated benefit and its actual benefit once used in routine clinical practice.
Electronic Health RecordEHR, Digital Patient Record
A digital, longitudinal record of a person’s health information maintained for care and, where permitted, shared or reused across authorised settings and purposes.
Equivalence TrialEquivalence Study, Therapeutic Equivalence Study
A trial designed to show a new treatment's effect is neither substantially better nor worse than an existing treatment, within a set margin.