Case-Control StudyCase-Referent Study, Retrospective Case Study
An observational study comparing individuals with a specific outcome against similar individuals without it, examining differences in their prior exposure.
Clinical Trials & Real-World Evidence
Terms for clinical trial design and for evidence drawn from routine practice outside trials.
- Topic: Clinical Trials & Real-World Evidence
- 40 terms
- Editor reviewed
Claims DataBilling Data, Payer Claims Records
Records generated when providers bill insurers for services, capturing diagnoses, procedures, and prescriptions filled, though not direct clinical detail such as lab values.
Clinical TrialClinical Study, Interventional Trial
A prospective research study in which participants receive one or more interventions to evaluate their effects on health-related outcomes.
Cohort StudyLongitudinal Study, Prospective Study
An observational study following a group sharing a common exposure or characteristic forward in time to observe subsequent health outcomes.
Comparative Effectiveness ResearchCER, Comparative Effectiveness
Research directly comparing the benefits and harms of alternative methods for preventing, diagnosing, treating, or monitoring a condition, typically using real-world data.
Composite EndpointCombined Endpoint, Composite Primary Endpoint
A trial outcome combining two or more individual events, such as death and hospitalisation, into a single measure, counted if any occurs.
ConfounderConfounding Variable, Confounding Factor
A variable associated with both the exposure being studied and the outcome of interest, without being a step in the causal pathway between them.
Control ArmTrial Control Group, Comparison Arm
The trial group receiving a comparator treatment, such as a placebo or standard of care, against which the experimental intervention is compared.