Metropolis-Hastings
Metropolis-Hastings is a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm that samples the posterior of health economic model inputs by accepting or rejecting proposals.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Micro-Costing
Micro-costing is a costing method that lists each resource a health service uses, such as staff minutes and consumables, and values each with a unit cost.
Microsimulation
Microsimulation is a modelling method that follows simulated people one at a time, so each person's traits and past events shape their own costs and QALYs.
Minimal Clinically Important Difference
The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) is the smallest change in an outcome score that patients perceive as important, beneficial or harmful.
Minimisation (Trial Allocation)
Minimisation is a trial allocation method steering each new participant to the arm best balancing chosen prognostic factors, often with a random element.
Misclassification
Misclassification is recording people in the wrong category of exposure, outcome or covariate, which can bias effect, cost and outcome estimates.
Missing at Random
Missing at random (MAR) is a missing data mechanism where, given observed data, the chance a cost or outcome is missing is unrelated to unseen values.
Missing Completely at Random
Missing completely at random (MCAR) is a missing data mechanism in which the chance a cost or outcome is missing is unrelated to any data, seen or unseen.
Missing Data
Unobserved or unavailable values required for a specified analysis, whose consequences depend on the pattern, mechanism and target estimand.
Missing Not at Random
Missing not at random (MNAR) is a missing data mechanism where, even given observed data, the chance a cost or outcome is missing depends on unseen values.
Mixed Effects Model
A mixed effects model is a regression with fixed and random effects, used in health economics for repeated or clustered data such as costs and utilities.
Mixture Cure Model
A mixture cure model is a survival model treating patients as a cured group with only background mortality and an uncured group still at risk, used in HTA.
Mixture Model
A statistical model representing a population as a combination of two or more distinct subgroups, each following its own underlying distribution.
Model Averaging
Model averaging combines results from several plausible models, weighted by their support, so health economic estimates reflect doubt about model choice.
Model Context Protocol
The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an open interoperability standard that connects AI applications to outside data and tools, such as health records.
Model Diagnostics
Model diagnostics are checks that show whether a health economic model, or a statistical model feeding it, fits its data and behaves as intended.
Model Selection
The process of choosing a model from plausible alternatives using criteria suited to the intended question, data, predictive or explanatory performance, and decision context.
Model Validation
Model validation is the testing of a health economic model against expert review, other models and observed data to judge whether it is fit for a decision.
Modified Rankin Scale
Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is a clinician-rated 0 to 6 grade of disability after stroke, used as a trial outcome and to define stroke model health states.
Monetary Valuation
Monetary valuation expresses a health outcome or other non-market good in money terms, using stated preference, revealed preference or wellbeing methods.