Biosimilar Pricing
Biosimilar pricing is how a biosimilar's price to health systems is set against its reference biologic, through discounts, tenders and funding rules.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Budget Cap
Budget cap is a preset ceiling on what a payer will spend on a sector, provider or medicines bill, enforced by fixed budgets, tariff cuts or rebates.
Capability Index Values
Capability index values are preference weights, often from best-worst scaling, that turn ICECAP answers into one score anchored at full and no capability.
Cardinal Scaling
Cardinal scaling values health states so that differences between values show strength of preference, as QALYs require; ordinal scales give rank only.
Case Fatality Rate
Case fatality rate (CFR) is the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die of it within a defined period, a measure of severity.
Category Rating
Category rating is a health state valuation method where people place health states on a scale of ordered, equal-interval categories between two anchors.
Ceiling Effect
A ceiling effect is a measurement limitation in which many respondents score at the top of a health scale, so further improvement cannot be detected.
CHU9D
CHU9D (Child Health Utility 9D) is a generic preference-based measure of children's health-related quality of life, used to calculate paediatric QALYs.
Clinical Audit
Clinical audit is a quality improvement cycle that checks care against explicit evidence-based standards, acts on gaps and re-measures to confirm change.
Clinical Decision Support
Clinical decision support (CDS) is software that matches a patient's data to clinical knowledge and gives clinicians tailored advice at the point of care.
Clinical Outcome
A clinical outcome is a result showing how a patient feels, functions or survives, such as stroke or death, used to judge benefit in economic evaluation.
Clinical Outcome Assessment
A clinical outcome assessment (COA) measures how a patient feels or functions, through patient, clinician or observer reports or a standardised task.
Clinical Practice Variation
Clinical practice variation is the difference in care that similar patients receive from different clinicians, hospitals or regions, warranted or not.
Common Cause Variation
Common cause variation is the routine variation a stable process produces from many small chance causes, predictable within limits from past data.
Comorbidity
Comorbidity is any other condition a patient has alongside the index disease under study; in health economics it shifts costs, utilities and survival.
Cost per QALY
Cost per QALY gained is the extra cost of a treatment compared with an alternative, divided by the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) it adds.
Cost-Utility Analysis
Cost-utility analysis is an economic evaluation that measures health gains in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and reports cost per QALY gained.
Country-Specific Value Set
A country-specific value set is a set of utility weights, elicited from one country's general public, that turns EQ-5D or similar responses into utilities.
Crosswalk
A statistical mapping converting health state scores from one version of an instrument to an equivalent score on another version.
DALY Calculation Method
The methodology used to compute disability-adjusted life years, combining years of life lost to premature death with years lived with disability, weighted by severity.