Force of Infection
The force of infection is the rate at which a susceptible person acquires infection, the hazard driving dynamic models of vaccines and infection control.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Formulary
A formulary is the list of prescription drugs that a health plan or other insurance plan offering drug benefits covers, also called a drug list.
Fractional Polynomial
A fractional polynomial is a regression function using one or two powers of a variable such as age or time to model curved effects on risk or survival.
Frailty Model
A frailty model is a survival model in which an unobserved random effect multiplies each patient's hazard to capture risk differences that covariates miss.
Frequentist Analysis
Frequentist analysis judges estimates, tests and confidence intervals by their behaviour over repeated samples, as in trial-based economic evaluation.
Frequentist Meta-Analysis
An approach combining evidence using classical frequentist methods, producing a point estimate and confidence interval without formally incorporating prior beliefs.
Friction Cost Method
The friction cost method values productivity lost to illness or death only for the time an employer needs to replace the worker and restore output.
Full Economic Evaluation
Full economic evaluation is a study design that compares the costs and health outcomes of two or more healthcare options to judge value for money.
Fully Incremental Analysis
Fully incremental analysis compares three or more mutually exclusive health care options, each with the next cheaper option not ruled out by dominance.
Futility Analysis
A futility analysis is a planned interim check of whether a clinical trial can still meet its aim, so a failing trial can stop early and save resources.
GAD-7
GAD-7 is a seven-item self-report scale scoring generalised anxiety symptoms 0 to 21, used as an outcome in mental health trials and economic evaluations.
Game Theory
Game theory in health economics analyses strategic choices by payers, providers, manufacturers and patients whose outcomes depend on what the others do.
Gamma Distribution
The gamma distribution is a continuous probability distribution for positive values, used in health economic models for uncertain right-skewed parameters.
Gaussian Process
A Gaussian process is a probability distribution over unknown functions, used in health economics to emulate slow decision models and to estimate EVPPI.
Gaussian Process Regression
Gaussian process regression is a probabilistic method that predicts an unknown function from observed input-output pairs by conditioning a joint Gaussian model specified through a mean and covariance function.
Gaussian Quadrature
Gaussian quadrature is a family of numerical integration methods that approximates a definite integral using carefully chosen evaluation points and weights.
Generalized Cost-Effectiveness
Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis (GCEA) is a WHO method that compares health interventions, alone and combined, with a null where none is provided.
Generalized Estimating Equations
Generalized estimating equations (GEE) are a regression method for population-averaged effects from repeated or clustered data, such as trial utilities.
Generalized Gamma Model
The generalised gamma model is a three-parameter survival model used in health economics to extrapolate trial data, nesting the Weibull and log-normal.
Generalized Linear Model
A generalised linear model (GLM) relates an outcome's mean to covariates via a link function, used in health economics for skewed costs and counts.