Mapping Study
Mapping study is research that estimates and validates a model predicting health state utilities from a non-preference-based measure, for use in QALYs.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Measurement Scale Type
Measurement scale type is a variable's level, nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio, which sets valid arithmetic, as with EQ-5D level medians or cost ratios.
Modified Rankin Scale
Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is a clinician-rated 0 to 6 grade of disability after stroke, used as a trial outcome and to define stroke model health states.
Mortality Rate
A mortality rate is deaths in a population over a period divided by its mid-period size or person-time at risk, used in burden studies and economic models.
Multi-Attribute Utility
Multi-attribute utility is a health state utility built by combining utilities for several health dimensions with an additive or multiplicative function.
Multi-State Life Table
A life-table framework that uses transitions among multiple living states and death to estimate how long a specified population or starting group is expected to spend in each state.
Nominal Scale
Nominal scale is a level of measurement whose numbers only name categories, such as trial arm or EQ-5D dimension, so counts are valid but averages are not.
NYHA Functional Classification
NYHA Functional Classification is a clinician-rated four-class grading of heart failure, used to set eligibility, health states and utilities in models.
Observed-to-Expected Ratio
The observed-to-expected (O/E) ratio divides a provider's observed events, such as deaths, by the number expected for its case mix, so 1 means as expected.
Ordinal Scaling
Ordinal scaling ranks health states or responses, such as EQ-5D levels, with unknown gaps, so medians are meaningful but sums and means of codes are not.
Out-of-Pocket Cost
Out-of-pocket cost is what a household pays directly for health care that no insurer or public scheme meets or repays, such as charges or private care.
Outcome Measure
An outcome measure is an instrument or data rule quantifying a result of care, such as survival or restored function, to judge care quality and value.
Person Trade-Off
Person trade-off (PTO) is a valuation method asking how many people helped one way equal a set number helped another, giving social values for health care.
Point Allocation Method
The point allocation method asks respondents to divide a fixed total of points, often 100, among health outcomes or criteria to show their relative value.
Preference Elicitation
Preference elicitation measures what people value in health care from stated or revealed choices, yielding QALY weights, money values or risk trade-offs.
Prior Authorization
A health plan’s advance review of a patient-specific service, medicine or item against coverage criteria before it is provided.
Proportional Shortfall
Proportional shortfall is the share of remaining expected QALYs that patients lose to a condition versus healthy peers, used to grade severity in HTA.
QALY Calculation Method
The process of computing quality-adjusted life years by multiplying time spent in a health state by its utility value, then summing across states.
QALY Shortfall
QALY shortfall is the expected QALY gap between a matched general population and patients on current care, which NICE reads as absolute or proportional.
Quality of Care
Quality of care is the extent to which health services raise the chance of desired health outcomes and follow current professional knowledge.