Competing Risks
Competing risks are events that each end a patient's time at risk, such as cardiovascular and other-cause death, so the first to occur rules out the rest.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Competition Theory
Competition theory explains how rivalry between firms and market structure shape prices and quality, including in hospital and health insurance markets.
Competition-Based Pricing
Competition-based pricing sets a medicine's price from the prices of rival treatments for the same condition, not from its own cost or added health value.
Competitive Equilibrium
Competitive equilibrium is an equilibrium in which price-taking traders optimise and prices clear every market, the benchmark for health care markets.
Condition Index
A condition index is the ratio of the largest singular value of a scaled regression design matrix to another singular value, used to assess near-linear dependence among predictors.
Conditional Logic
Conditional logic is the set of if-then rules in a health economic model that make risks, costs or treatment depend on age, time, history or response.
Conditional Probability
Conditional probability is the chance of an event given that another has occurred; health economic models use it for branch and transition probabilities.
Confidence Interval
A confidence interval (CI) is a range around an estimate, such as a cost difference, built so a set share, often 95%, of such ranges hold the true value.
Confidence Interval Estimation
The statistical process of calculating a range of plausible values for an unknown parameter based on sample data and a specified confidence level.
Confidential Pricing
Confidential pricing keeps a medicine's negotiated net price secret between manufacturer and payer, while a higher list price stays public.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tests whether data fit a prespecified model linking health questionnaire items to the latent factors they measure.
Confirmatory Trial
A confirmatory trial is a controlled trial testing pre-set hypotheses to give firm evidence of efficacy or safety, for licensing or after early approval.
Conjoint Analysis
Conjoint analysis is a family of stated preference methods estimating how people value treatment or service attributes from ratings, rankings or choices.
Constant Hazard
Constant hazard is the survival modelling assumption that the event rate among people still at risk stays the same over time, giving exponential survival.
Constrained Optimisation
Constrained optimisation finds the choice that does best on an objective, such as QALYs gained, without breaking limits such as a fixed health budget.
Consumer Price Index
The consumer price index (CPI) measures change in the prices households pay for a fixed basket of goods and services, used to adjust costs for inflation.
Consumer Sovereignty
Consumer sovereignty is the economic principle that individuals best judge their own welfare, so their preferences set the value of health care.
Consumer Surplus
Consumer surplus is the most that buyers would pay for a good or service minus what they pay, measured as the area under the demand curve above the price.
Contact Rate
Contact rate is the expected number of defined, potentially transmission-relevant encounters an individual has per unit time in an infectious-disease model.
Contingency Table
A contingency table counts observations cross-classified by two or more categorical variables, such as trial arm by outcome or test result by disease.