Nash Equilibrium
A Nash equilibrium is a set of strategies, one per player, from which no player, such as a payer, provider or patient, gains by changing strategy alone.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Negative Binomial
The negative binomial distribution models counts, such as hospital admissions per patient, whose variance exceeds the mean because rates vary by patient.
Negative Binomial Regression
Negative binomial regression models counts of health care use, such as admissions or exacerbations, whose variance is larger than a Poisson model allows.
Negative Externality
A negative externality is an uncompensated cost, such as second-hand smoke or antibiotic resistance, that an activity imposes on third parties.
Nelder-Mead Method
The Nelder-Mead method is a derivative-free algorithm that moves a simplex of trial points to minimise a score, used to calibrate health economic models.
Nelson-Aalen Estimator
The Nelson-Aalen estimator gives a non-parametric cumulative hazard from censored survival data, used to check survival curves in health economic models.
Net Benefit
Net benefit places health gains and costs on one scale by valuing health at a cost-effectiveness threshold, or directly in money, and subtracting costs.
Net Benefit Approach
The net benefit approach is a cost-effectiveness decision framework that ranks options by net benefit at a stated threshold instead of by ratios.
Net Health Benefit
Net health benefit (NHB) is the health an option gains, in QALYs, minus the QALYs its extra cost would buy elsewhere at the cost-effectiveness threshold.
Net Monetary Benefit
Net monetary benefit (NMB) is an option's health outcome valued in money at a cost-effectiveness threshold minus its cost, used to rank healthcare options.
Net Present Value
Net present value (NPV) is an option's discounted monetary benefits minus its discounted costs, used to appraise health service investments.
Net Survival Model
A survival model estimating the survival a population would experience if the disease studied were the only possible cause of death.
Newton-Raphson Method
The Newton–Raphson method is an iterative numerical algorithm that uses local derivative information to find a root of an equation.
Non-Mixture Cure Model
A non-mixture cure model is a survival model used in HTA whose survival curve levels off at the cure fraction without splitting patients into two groups.
Non-Parametric Estimation
Non-parametric estimation derives a survival curve or other distribution from observed data, as Kaplan-Meier does, with no assumed mathematical form.
Non-Parametric Survival
Non-parametric survival is a survival estimate taken directly from observed time-to-event data, such as a Kaplan-Meier curve, with no assumed distribution.
Normal Distribution
The normal distribution is a symmetric bell-shaped curve set by a mean and standard deviation, used in health economics for estimated means and log ratios.
Normative Economics
Normative economics is the branch of economics that ranks policies by stated criteria of what ought to be, such as maximising health from an NHS budget.
Null Hypothesis
The null hypothesis (H0) is the claim a significance test assesses data against, usually of zero effect, such as no difference in mean cost or QALYs.
Numerical Integration
Numerical integration approximates the area represented by a definite integral when an exact antiderivative is unavailable, inconvenient or evaluated from discrete data.