ECOG Performance Status
ECOG Performance Status is a clinician-rated six-grade scale of a cancer patient's functioning, grade 5 being death, used for trial eligibility and models.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Effect Size
Effect size is the magnitude of a treatment effect or association, on a scale such as a risk ratio or mean difference, used in HTA and economic models.
Effect Size Estimation
The statistical process of calculating a quantitative measure of a treatment effect's magnitude, often standardised to allow comparison across differing measurement scales.
Effective Reproduction Number
The effective reproduction number (Rt) is the average number of people one case infects at time t, given immunity and control, used in vaccine models.
Effective Sample Size
Effective sample size (ESS) is the number of independent patients or draws that would match the precision of a clustered, weighted or correlated sample.
Effectiveness
The benefits and harms an intervention produces under care conditions relevant to a specified population, comparator, outcome and time horizon.
Egger Test
The Egger test is a regression test of funnel plot asymmetry, used in meta-analysis to detect small-study effects that may signal publication bias.
Eigenvalue
An eigenvalue is the factor by which a square matrix scales a vector that stays on its own line, used in health economics in Markov models, PCA and PSA.
Electronic Health Record
Electronic health records (EHRs) are digital patient records kept for clinical care and reused in health economics as data on resource use and outcomes.
EORTC QLQ-C30
EORTC QLQ-C30 is the 30-item core cancer quality of life questionnaire, whose answers can be mapped to EQ-5D or scored with the QLU-C10D for QALYs.
EPDS
EPDS is a ten-item self-report scale scored 0 to 30 that screens for depression in pregnancy and after birth, used in trials and screening models.
EQ-HWB
EQ-HWB is the EQ Health and Wellbeing measure, a 25-item questionnaire for patients, social care users and carers used in economic evaluation.
Equipoise
Equipoise is genuine uncertainty among informed experts about which treatment in a trial is better, the usual ethical test for randomising patients.
Equivalence Trial
An equivalence trial tests whether two treatments differ by less than a preset margin either way, evidence used to justify cost-minimisation analysis.
Event-Free Survival
Event-free survival (EFS) is the time, usually from randomisation, to the first prespecified event, such as recurrence or death, in trials and models.
Evidence
Evidence is the information from studies, routine data and expert judgement used in health economics to estimate costs and outcomes of decision options.
Evidence Table
An evidence table is a structured table setting out the design, participants, interventions, outcomes, results and quality of each study in a review.
Exchangeable Correlation
Exchangeable correlation is a GEE working correlation in which all observations in a cluster, such as patients in a practice, share a common correlation.
Expanded Disability Status Scale
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is a clinician-rated 0 to 10 scale of multiple sclerosis disability, often used to set health states in MS models.
Explanatory Trial
An explanatory trial is a randomised trial run under ideal, tightly controlled conditions to test whether a treatment can work, so it measures efficacy.