Nottingham Health Profile
Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) is a generic measure of perceived physical, social and emotional health problems, scored by section, not as a QALY utility.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Null Hypothesis
The null hypothesis (H0) is the claim a significance test assesses data against, usually of zero effect, such as no difference in mean cost or QALYs.
Number Needed to Treat
The number needed to treat (NNT) is how many patients must be treated to prevent one more adverse event, equal to 1 divided by the absolute risk reduction.
NYHA Functional Classification
NYHA Functional Classification is a clinician-rated four-class grading of heart failure, used to set eligibility, health states and utilities in models.
Oblique Rotation
Oblique rotation is a factor analysis step that lets rotated factors correlate, used when health domains such as physical and mental health are related.
Observational Study
A study that observes exposures and outcomes without investigator assignment of the exposure under investigation, using a specified design to describe patterns or assess associations and, under additional assumptions, causal effects.
Odds Ratio
The odds ratio (OR) is the odds of an outcome in one group divided by the odds in another, a common effect measure for binary outcomes in trials and HTA.
Orthogonal Rotation
Orthogonal rotation is a factor analysis step that turns factor axes to simplify loadings while keeping factors uncorrelated, as in health questionnaires.
Outcomes Research
Outcomes research, often joined with health economics as HEOR, studies the end results of health care, such as survival, function and quality of life.
Overfitting
Overfitting is when a cost, risk or utility model fits chance noise in its development data, so it predicts worse for new patients than its fit suggests.
Oxford Hip Score
Oxford Hip Score (OHS) is a 12-item patient-reported measure of hip pain and function, scored 0 to 48, used as the hip replacement outcome in NHS PROMs.
Oxford Knee Score
Oxford Knee Score (OKS) is a 12-item patient-reported measure of knee pain and function, scored 0 to 48, used to judge knee replacement in NHS PROMs.
P-Value
A p-value is the probability, if the null hypothesis and model held, of a result at least as extreme as observed, such as a trial cost or QALY difference.
Pairwise Deletion
Pairwise deletion is a missing data method that computes each correlation or covariance from all patients observed on both variables, so sample sizes vary.
Pairwise Meta-Analysis
Pairwise meta-analysis is the statistical pooling of trials of the same two treatments, such as head-to-head RCTs, into one estimate of relative effect.
Partial Correlation
Partial correlation is the correlation between two variables, such as costs and QALYs, after the linear effects of other variables are removed from both.
Patient-Reported Outcome
A patient-reported outcome (PRO) is a health measure, such as a symptom score or EQ-5D answer, that the patient reports without clinician interpretation.
Pattern Mixture Model
A pattern mixture model fits a separate model for each missing data pattern, so trial dropouts can differ from completers in health economic evaluation.
Pearson Correlation
Pearson correlation is a -1 to +1 measure of linear association, the covariance over the product of standard deviations, as between costs and QALYs.
PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales
PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales are a 23-item paediatric health-related quality of life measure, scored 0 to 100 and often mapped to utilities for QALYs.