Logistic Regression
Logistic regression models the log odds of a yes or no outcome, such as an admission, from patient covariates, giving odds ratios and event probabilities.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Longitudinal Design
A longitudinal design measures the same people or units on repeated occasions, letting health economists track change in health and costs over time.
Loss to Follow-Up
Loss to follow-up occurs when trial participants stop providing data before follow-up ends, so later outcomes, costs and QALYs can be missing.
Mantel-Haenszel Method
The Mantel-Haenszel method pools 2x2 tables from trials or strata into one fixed-effect odds ratio, risk ratio or risk difference for HTA meta-analysis.
Matching-Adjusted Indirect Comparison
Matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) compares treatments across trials in HTA by weighting one trial's patients to match another's published data.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) fits models such as survival curves by choosing the parameter values that make the observed data most probable.
Mean
A measure of central tendency obtained, in its arithmetic form, by dividing the sum of values by their count; a population mean is the corresponding expected value.
Mean Absolute Error
The arithmetic average of the absolute differences between numerical predictions and their corresponding observed values, expressed in the outcome’s units.
Mean Difference
The mean difference (MD) is the difference between two groups' average values on one continuous scale, the usual effect measure for continuous outcomes.
Mean Squared Error
Mean squared error is the average of squared differences between predictions or estimates and their corresponding observed or reference values, evaluated over a specified set or sampling process.
Measurement Error
Measurement error is the gap between a recorded value and the true value it was meant to capture, which can bias costs, effects and utilities.
Mediation Analysis
Mediation analysis is a statistical method that splits a treatment's effect on health or costs into a direct effect and an indirect effect via a mediator.
Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis is the statistical combination of results from two or more studies, giving the pooled treatment effects used in HTA and economic models.
Meta-Regression
Meta-regression is a precision-weighted regression of study effect estimates on study characteristics, explaining heterogeneity in meta-analyses for HTA.
Method of Moments
The method of moments estimates a distribution's parameters by equating its mean and variance to observed values, often to fit decision model inputs.
Minimal Clinically Important Difference
The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) is the smallest change in an outcome score that patients perceive as important, beneficial or harmful.
Minimisation (Trial Allocation)
Minimisation is a trial allocation method steering each new participant to the arm best balancing chosen prognostic factors, often with a random element.
Misclassification
Misclassification is recording people in the wrong category of exposure, outcome or covariate, which can bias effect, cost and outcome estimates.
Missing at Random
Missing at random (MAR) is a missing data mechanism where, given observed data, the chance a cost or outcome is missing is unrelated to unseen values.
Missing Completely at Random
Missing completely at random (MCAR) is a missing data mechanism in which the chance a cost or outcome is missing is unrelated to any data, seen or unseen.