P-Score
A frequentist network meta-analysis measure ranking treatments by the extent one is expected to outperform every other treatment in the network.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
P-Value
A statistic representing the probability of observing a result at least as extreme as the one obtained, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
Pairwise Deletion
A missing data method in which each specific calculation uses all observations with complete data for that particular pair of variables.
Pairwise Meta-Analysis
A meta-analysis combining evidence comparing exactly two treatments, unlike a network meta-analysis synthesising evidence across three or more.
Partial Correlation
A measure of the relationship between two variables after statistically controlling for the influence of one or more additional variables.
Patient Outcome
A measurable change in health, function, symptoms, quality of life or survival experienced by a patient.
Pattern Mixture Model
A missing data modelling approach stratifying analysis by the observed pattern of missingness, rather than assuming one model applies to everyone.
Pearson Correlation
A measure quantifying the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables, ranging from negative one to positive one.
Percentile
A descriptive statistic indicating the value below which a specified percentage of observations in a dataset fall.
Period Prevalence
The proportion of a population with a particular condition at any point during a specified period, combining existing and newly developed cases.
Point Prevalence
The proportion of a population found to have a particular condition at a single specific point in time, unlike period prevalence or incidence.
Poisson Distribution
A discrete probability distribution describing the number of times an event occurs within a fixed interval, assuming independence and a constant average rate.
Poisson Regression
A modelling technique analysing count outcome data, such as clinical events per patient, based on the assumption that outcomes follow a Poisson distribution.
Population Attributable Fraction
The proportion of disease cases in an entire population that would not occur if a specific exposure were eliminated, accounting for its prevalence.
Population Attributable Risk
The reduction in disease incidence within a population that would result from eliminating a harmful exposure entirely, expressed as an absolute rate.
Positive Likelihood Ratio
A diagnostic test measure expressing how much a positive result increases the odds that a patient truly has the condition tested for.
Positive Predictive Value
The probability that an individual with a positive diagnostic test result truly has the condition being tested for.
Post-Test Probability
The updated probability that a patient has a condition after a diagnostic test result is known, combining pre-test probability with the likelihood ratio.
Posterior Distribution
In Bayesian statistics, the updated probability distribution for a parameter after combining a prior distribution with the likelihood of observed data.
Posterior Odds
The updated odds that a hypothesis is true after incorporating new evidence, found by multiplying prior odds by the likelihood ratio.