Cost-Effectiveness
Cost-effectiveness means an intervention's health gain justifies any extra cost versus an alternative, usually judged by the ICER against a threshold.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curve (CEAC)
A cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC) plots, across cost-effectiveness thresholds, the probability that each option is the most cost-effective.
Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Frontier
The cost-effectiveness acceptability frontier (CEAF) plots the chance the option with the highest expected net benefit is cost-effective, by threshold.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Cost-effectiveness analysis compares healthcare options by the extra cost of each extra unit of health gained, such as cost per life-year gained.
Cost-Effectiveness Frontier
The cost-effectiveness frontier joins the strategies not ruled out by strict or extended dominance on a plot of expected cost against health effect.
Cost-Effectiveness League Table
A cost-effectiveness league table ranks health care interventions by cost per QALY or a similar ratio so decision makers can compare value for money.
Cost-Effectiveness Plane
The cost-effectiveness plane graphs incremental cost (y-axis) against incremental effect (x-axis); its four quadrants show dominance or a trade-off.
Cost-Effectiveness Threshold
A cost-effectiveness threshold is the maximum cost per QALY gained that a health system treats as value for money when deciding which treatments to fund.
Cost-Minimisation Analysis
Cost-minimisation analysis compares only the costs of healthcare options, and is valid only when evidence shows their health outcomes are equivalent.
Cost-of-Illness Study
A cost-of-illness study estimates the economic burden of a disease, including healthcare costs, patient and carer costs, and lost productivity.
Cost-to-Charge Ratio
The cost-to-charge ratio (CCR) is a hospital's reported costs divided by its billed charges, used to estimate costs from the charges on patient records.
Cost-Utility Analysis
Cost-utility analysis is an economic evaluation that measures health gains in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and reports cost per QALY gained.
Country-Specific Value Set
A country-specific value set is a set of utility weights, elicited from one country's general public, that turns EQ-5D or similar responses into utilities.
Credence Good
A credence good is a good or service whose quality or need a buyer cannot judge even after use, such as medical care, where the expert seller knows more.
Crosswalk
A statistical mapping converting health state scores from one version of an instrument to an equivalent score on another version.
Crowding Out
Crowding out occurs when public spending or intervention displaces private activity that would have happened anyway, reducing the programme's net effect.
D-Efficient Design
A D-efficient design is a discrete choice experiment design chosen for low D-error, giving precise preference estimates under an assumed model.
DALY Calculation Method
The methodology used to compute disability-adjusted life years, combining years of life lost to premature death with years lived with disability, weighted by severity.
Deadweight Loss
Deadweight loss is the net loss of total surplus when a tax, subsidy, market power or insurance drives a wedge between price and marginal cost.
Decision Fatigue Concept
The decision fatigue concept holds that decision quality falls after a long run of choices, as when clinicians treat patients differently late in a shift.