Dictionary

The Dictionary provides concise definitions of health economics terms, arranged alphabetically for quick reference. Use it to understand unfamiliar terminology or confirm the meaning of a specific term.

351–400 of 666 terms matching “Cost”

C

Cancer Drug PricingOncology Drug Pricing, Cancer Medication Pricing
The pricing strategies and resulting costs of cancer medications, an area of scrutiny given the substantial cost of newer targeted and biologic therapies.
Cancer Treatment EconomicsOncology Treatment Economics, Cancer Therapy Economics
The analysis of costs, health outcomes and resource consequences across cancer treatment pathways for a specified population, comparator, perspective and decision.
Cardiac Device EconomicsImplantable Device Economics, Cardiac Implant Economics
The application of health economic evaluation to implantable cardiac devices, weighing upfront device and implant costs against ongoing monitoring and replacement.
Cardiac Imaging EconomicsCardiovascular Imaging Economics, Cardiac Scan Economics
The application of health economic evaluation to cardiac imaging technologies, comparing diagnostic accuracy and downstream treatment impact against acquisition and operating costs.
Cardiac Rehabilitation EconomicsCardiac Rehab Economics, Heart Rehabilitation Economics
The application of health economic evaluation to structured cardiac rehabilitation, typically finding it low-cost relative to the hospitalisations it helps prevent.
Case-Mix AdjustmentCasemix Adjustment, Case-Mix Correction
A statistical method accounting for differences in patient population complexity when comparing cost or outcome measures across different providers.
Certificate of NeedCON, Need Certificate
A regulatory requirement mandating government approval before major capital healthcare investments, intended to prevent unnecessary service duplication and control costs.
Charity CareFinancial Assistance Care, Free Care
Free or reduced-cost healthcare provided by a provider to patients unable to afford full care, funded by the provider itself.
Claims DatabaseClaims Data Warehouse, Insurance Claims Repository
A large, structured collection of insurance claims data assembled from one or more payers, used to study healthcare utilisation and cost.
Clinical PracticeClinical Care, Medical Practice
In health economics, the delivery of care to patients by health professionals, the real-world setting whose effectiveness, costs and variation health economic evaluation seeks to inform.
Clostridium EconomicsC. difficile Economics, CDI Economics
The application of health economic evaluation to Clostridium infections, notably Clostridioides difficile, a common and costly healthcare-associated diarrhoeal illness.
Coase TheoremCoase's Theorem, Coasean Bargaining
The proposition that, absent transaction costs, private parties can negotiate an efficient solution to externality problems regardless of how legal rights are assigned.
Coeliac Disease EconomicsCeliac Disease Economics, Gluten Enteropathy Economics
The application of health economic evaluation to coeliac disease, an autoimmune condition triggered by gluten, covering diagnosis and lifelong gluten-free diet cost.
Community ContributionCommunity Health Fund, Community Pooling
A health financing mechanism in which local community members pool resources, often through small regular payments, to cover collective healthcare costs.
Community Mental Health EconomicsCommunity Psychiatry Economics, CMH Economics
The application of health economic evaluation to community-based mental health service delivery, comparing cost and outcomes against institutional psychiatric care.
Community-Based InsuranceCommunity-Based Health Insurance, Mutual Health Insurance
A model in which members of a local community voluntarily pool resources to collectively finance healthcare costs, common where formal insurance is undeveloped.
Competition-Based PricingCompetitive Pricing, Market-Based Pricing
A pricing strategy in which a firm sets price based primarily on competitors' prices for similar products, rather than its own costs alone.
Composite Value ScoreAggregate Value Score, Overall Value Index
A single, aggregated numerical score combining multiple value criteria, such as clinical benefit and cost, into an overall value assessment.
Concurrent Risk AdjustmentSame-Period Risk Adjustment, Concurrent Risk Model
A risk adjustment method using diagnoses observed in the same period costs are predicted for, unlike prospective adjustment using prior period data.
Confidence EllipseJoint Confidence Region, CE-Plane Ellipse
A graphical region, typically on a cost-effectiveness plane, showing where the true joint value of incremental cost and effect is expected to fall.
Copay AmountCopayment Amount, Fixed Copay Charge
The specific fixed sum an insured person must pay for a particular covered service under a copayment cost-sharing arrangement.
Covered ServiceCovered Benefit, Reimbursable Service
A healthcare service for which an insurance plan has agreed to pay, subject to the plan's specific terms and cost-sharing requirements.
Cream SkimmingCherry Picking, Favourable Risk Selection
A practice where an insurer or provider selectively attracts healthier, lower-cost enrollees while avoiding sicker ones, undermining risk pooling.
Critical Care EconomicsIntensive Care Economics, ICU Economics
The application of health economic evaluation to intensive care unit treatment and staffing, an area marked by exceptionally high per-patient costs.
Currency ConversionExchange-Rate Conversion, Currency Translation
The translation of cost or price data from one national currency into another, typically using exchange rates or purchasing power parity.
CycleModel Time Interval, Markov Time Unit
A cycle is a defined time interval during which a discrete-time state-transition model updates health-state occupancy and accumulates relevant outcomes and costs.
Cycle LengthCycle Duration, Time-Step Length
Cycle length is the fixed duration represented by one update of a discrete-time state-transition model, determining when transitions, costs, health outcomes, and discounting are applied within the modelled time horizon.

D

Data ImportData Loading, Data Ingestion
The process of loading external data, such as trial results or costs, into a health economic model's software for use as inputs.
Data InputModel Data Entry, Parameter Entry
The process or interface through which external evidence, such as trial results or unit costs, is entered into a model to populate its parameters.
Decision AnalysisDecision-Analytic Approach, Decision Modelling Framework
In health economics, a systematic quantitative approach to choosing among options under uncertainty by modelling their expected costs and consequences.
Decision CriteriaAppraisal Criteria, Decision Factors
The specific factors, such as cost-effectiveness and clinical benefit, an assessment body formally considers when reaching a funding recommendation.
Decision RuleChoice Rule, Explicit Decision Criterion
A decision rule is an explicit criterion for choosing between healthcare interventions by comparing their incremental costs and health effects with the relevant cost-effectiveness threshold.
Decision Rule ApplicationRule Application, Threshold Application
The process of applying a predetermined criterion, such as a cost-effectiveness threshold, to an economic evaluation's results to reach a funding recommendation.
Decision TreeTree Model, Branching Decision Model
A decision tree is a branching decision-analytic model that represents choices, uncertain events and terminal outcomes so the expected costs and consequences of alternative strategies can be calculated.
Decision Tree ModelTree-Based Model, Branch Model
A decision-analytic model built on the decision tree structure, with all possible patient pathways explicitly represented as branches to calculate expected cost.
DeductibleInsurance Excess, Upfront Payment Threshold
A fixed amount an insured person must pay for covered services before their plan begins to share the cost.
Default EffectDefault Effect, Default Bias
The tendency to retain a pre-set option rather than actively choosing an alternative, even when switching costs little.
Delayed CareCare Delay, Postponed Care
A coping strategy in which a household postpones seeking needed healthcare due to cost concerns, risking a worsening condition.
Demographic AdjustmentAge-Sex Adjustment, Demographic Risk Adjustment
A risk adjustment method predicting expected costs based on basic characteristics, such as age and sex, without detailed clinical diagnosis information.
Department BudgetDepartmental Budget, Unit Budget
A budget allocated to an individual department within a larger organisation, covering the costs specific to that unit's operations.
Differential DiscountingDifferential Discount Rates, Split-Rate Discounting
The practice of applying different discount rates to costs and health outcomes within an economic evaluation, rather than discounting both at the same rate.
Digital Value AssessmentDigital Health Value Assessment, Digital HTA Value
An evaluation of a digital health technology's overall value, incorporating clinical effectiveness, cost, and user engagement, adapted for software-based interventions.
Direct Graduate Medical EducationDGME, Direct GME Funding
A US Medicare funding stream reimbursing teaching hospitals for direct costs of training resident physicians, such as salaries and supervision.
Discount RateAnnual Discount Percentage, Time-Value Rate, Discounting Rate
The annual percentage applied to future costs or health outcomes to express them in present-value terms and permit consistent comparison across time.
Discount Rate SelectionChoosing the Discount Rate, Rate Justification
The methodological decision on which discount rate to apply in an economic evaluation, informed by the social opportunity cost of capital and relevant guidance.
Disease BurdenTotal Disease Impact, Population Disease Impact
The total impact of a disease on a population, covering mortality, morbidity, and costs, commonly quantified using disability-adjusted life years.
Disease Management ReviewDisease Programme Review, Chronic-Care Programme Audit
An evaluation of a disease management programme's effectiveness at improving outcomes and reducing costs for a specific chronic condition.
Disease PerspectiveDisease-Specific Perspective, Condition Perspective
An analytic viewpoint defined by the specific disease being studied, including all relevant costs and outcomes regardless of which payer bears them.
Distributional Analysis PolicyPolicy Distributional Analysis, Subgroup Impact Analysis, Equity Analysis Policy
An examination of how a policy's costs and benefits are expected to be distributed across population subgroups, assessing equity implications.
Do Not DoStop Recommendation, Reversal Recommendation
A formal recommendation identifying a practice or treatment that should no longer be used, evidence indicating insufficient benefit relative to cost or risk.