Dictionary

G

G-BATermFederal Joint Committee, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss

The German Federal Joint Committee, the highest decision-making body within statutory health insurance determining which services are covered, informed by IQWiG.

GainsharingTermGain Sharing, Savings-Sharing Arrangement, Gainsharing Arrangement

An arrangement in which a hospital shares cost savings from improved efficiency with the physicians whose practice changes helped generate them.

Game TheoryConceptGame Theory in Health, Strategic Analysis in Health

Game theory in health economics analyses strategic choices by payers, providers, manufacturers and patients whose outcomes depend on what the others do.

Gamma DistributionConceptGamma Density, Gamma Model Distribution

The gamma distribution is a continuous probability distribution on positive values, defined here by shape and scale parameters that control its mean, variance, and skew.

Gamma ModelTermGamma Survival Model, Gamma Hazard Model

A survival model assuming time-to-event data follow a gamma distribution, allowing hazard rates that increase, decrease, or stay constant over time.

Gap AnalysisTermGap Assessment, Performance Shortfall Review

A structured comparison between current performance and a desired level, used to identify areas requiring targeted improvement effort.

Gastric EconomicsTermStomach Disease Economics, Gastric Disorder Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to conditions affecting the stomach, including peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer.

Gastroenterology EconomicsTermGI Field Economics, Digestive Medicine Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to the broader field of digestive system conditions, covering medical management and endoscopic or surgical intervention.

Gastrointestinal EconomicsTermGI Economics, Digestive Disease Economics

The broad application of health economic evaluation to digestive system conditions, spanning the oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.

Gastrointestinal Infection EconomicsTermGI Infection Economics, Enteric Infection Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to digestive system infections, spanning common self-limiting illness to more severe bacterial and parasitic infections.

GatekeepingTermSequential Testing Strategy, Priority-Ordered Testing

A multiple testing strategy in which a lower-priority endpoint is only formally tested if a higher-priority endpoint has already achieved significance.

Gatekeeping FunctionTermPrimary Care Gatekeeping, Access Gatekeeping

The role a primary care provider plays in coordinating and authorising a patient's access to specialist care and other services.

Gaussian ProcessConceptGP, Jointly-Gaussian Model

A flexible statistical framework modelling an unknown function by treating any finite set of its values as jointly normally distributed.

Gaussian Process RegressionConceptGPR, Kriging

Gaussian process regression is a probabilistic method that predicts an unknown function from observed input-output pairs by conditioning a joint Gaussian model specified through a mean and covariance function.

Gaussian QuadratureConceptGauss Quadrature, Weighted-Node Integration

Gaussian quadrature is a family of numerical integration methods that approximates a definite integral using carefully chosen evaluation points and weights.

Gene EditingTermGenome Editing, CRISPR Editing

Technologies allowing precise, targeted modification of an organism's DNA, most notably enabled by CRISPR-based systems, used in research and gene therapy.

Gene TherapyTermGenetic Therapy, Gene Transfer Therapy

A therapeutic approach introducing, removing, or altering genetic material within a patient's cells, often given once to produce a lasting clinical effect.

Gene Therapy AnnuityTermAnnuity Payment Model, Instalment Reimbursement

A proposed payment model spreading reimbursement for a high-cost gene therapy over annual instalments tied to its demonstrated durability, rather than one upfront lump sum.

General Health StatusTermOverall Health Status, Global Health Rating

A broad overall assessment of an individual's health, typically captured through a single global rating question or generic health instrument.

General ListingTermOpen Formulary Listing, Standard Listing

The inclusion of a treatment within a health system's standard, unrestricted formulary, without special authorisation or subgroup limitation.

General TaxationTermTax Financing, General Revenue Funding

Government revenue from broad-based taxes deposited into a general fund available for allocation across any priority, including healthcare.

GeneralizabilityTermGeneralisability, External Applicability

The extent to which a study's findings can be validly applied to populations, settings, or circumstances beyond those specifically studied.

Generalizability AssessmentTermApplicability Review, Transportability Assessment

An evaluation of whether a model's results, developed using data from one population, can be validly applied to a different population.

Generalizability CriterionTermExtension-Validity Standard, Transferability Criterion

A standard assessing whether study or assessment findings can validly be extended to a population or setting beyond those studied.

Generalized Cost-EffectivenessConceptGCEA, WHO-CHOICE Analysis

A form of cost-effectiveness analysis comparing a broad set of interventions against a common null counterfactual rather than against current practice.

Generalized Estimating EquationsConceptGEE, Population-Average Model

Generalized estimating equations are a regression approach for estimating population-averaged associations from correlated observations by specifying a marginal mean model and accounting for within-cluster dependence.

Generalized F ModelTermGen-F Model, Flexible Survival Model

A highly flexible parametric survival model encompassing several other distributions, including the exponential, Weibull, and log-normal, as special cases.

Generalized GammaTermGeneralised Gamma, Three-Parameter Gamma

A flexible probability distribution including the gamma, Weibull, and log-normal distributions as special cases, capable of representing many hazard shapes.

Generalized Gamma ModelConceptGen-Gamma Survival Model, GG Model

A survival model based on the generalised gamma distribution, nesting simpler distributions, such as the Weibull and log-normal, within one framework.

Generalized Linear ModelConceptGLM, Link-Function Model

A modelling framework extending linear regression to non-normal outcomes, such as binary or count data, via a specified link function.

Generation TimeTermGeneration Interval, Transmission Interval

The average time interval between the onset of infection in one person and the onset of infection in those they subsequently infect.

Generic DrugTermGeneric Medicine, Multisource Drug

A pharmaceutical product with the same active ingredient as an approved brand-name drug, demonstrated bioequivalent and typically approved through an abbreviated pathway.

Generic Entry ImpactTermGeneric Competition Impact, Post-Patent Impact

The effect generic competition has on a drug's market price, utilisation, and overall budget impact, typically bringing substantial price declines.

Generic InstrumentTermGeneric PROM, Generic Health Measure, Generic HRQoL, Generic Measure

A health status questionnaire applicable across a broad range of diseases, allowing comparison across different populations at the cost of condition-specific sensitivity.

Generic NameTermNonproprietary Name, INN

The official, non-proprietary name of a drug's active ingredient, used consistently across manufacturers regardless of the brand name applied.

Generic PenetrationTermGeneric Uptake, Generic Share

The proportion of prescriptions or utilisation within a therapeutic class accounted for by generic products rather than the original brand-name drug.

Generic PricingTermGeneric Drug Pricing, Off-Patent Pricing

The pricing strategies applied to generic drugs, typically set substantially below the original brand-name product's price to reflect lower development cost.

Generic Reference PricingTermGeneric-Based Reference Pricing, Cluster Reference Pricing

A reimbursement policy setting a fixed level based on a generic drug's price, requiring patients or the brand manufacturer to cover any difference.

Generic SubstitutionTermGeneric Interchange, Generic Swap

The practice of dispensing a generic drug in place of a prescribed brand-name product, typically permitted once a bioequivalent version is available.

Generic TierTermTier 1 Generic, Lowest Cost-Share Tier

A formulary category for generic drugs within a tiered insurance design, typically carrying the lowest cost-sharing to encourage their use.

Genetic AlgorithmConceptEvolutionary Algorithm, GA

An optimisation technique inspired by evolution that iteratively selects and combines the best candidate solutions across generations to improve results.

Genetic DiscriminationTermGenetic Bias, DNA-Based Discrimination

The unfair treatment of an individual based on their genetic information, such as denying insurance based on genetic test results.

Genetic Disease EconomicsTermInherited Disease Economics, Genetic Disorder Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to conditions caused by genetic mutations, covering diagnosis, genetic counselling, and gene-targeted therapies.

Genetic EpidemiologyTermGenomic Epidemiology, Gene-Environment Epidemiology

A branch of epidemiology studying the role of genetic factors, and their interaction with environmental factors, in disease occurrence.

Genetic InformationTermGenetic Data, Genotype Information

Information from an individual's or family member's genetic tests indicating predisposition to certain health conditions.

Genetic ScreeningTermVariant Screening, Predisposition Screening

The systematic testing of individuals or populations for genetic variants associated with disease risk, to identify who may benefit from targeted prevention or treatment.

Genetic TestingTermDNA Testing, Molecular Testing

Laboratory analysis of an individual's DNA to identify genetic variants associated with disease risk, diagnosis, or treatment response.

Genetics EconomicsTermEconomics of Genetics, Genetic Testing Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to the broader implications of genetic testing and medicine, covering screening, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.

Genomic AnalyticsTermGenomic Data Analysis, Genome Analytics

The application of data analysis to genomic and genetic data, identifying disease risk factors and guiding treatment selection.

Genomic DataTermGenome Data, Sequencing Data

Information derived from an individual's genetic material, such as gene sequences or variants, used to study disease risk or treatment response.