Dictionary

The Dictionary provides concise definitions of health economics terms, arranged alphabetically for quick reference. Use it to understand unfamiliar terminology or confirm the meaning of a specific term.

401–450 of 666 terms matching “Cost”

D

DOAC EconomicsDirect Oral Anticoagulant Economics, NOAC Economics
The application of health economic evaluation to direct oral anticoagulants, comparing higher acquisition cost against reduced monitoring versus older agents such as warfarin.
Dominance AnalysisDominance Screening, Dominated-Option Check
Dominance analysis identifies interventions that are inferior to another feasible option or to the efficient combination of options on cost and health outcome, leaving a frontier for fully incremental comparison.
Dominated AlternativeDominated Option, Inferior Alternative
An intervention that is both more costly and less effective than another option, or a combination of options, and so should not be selected.
Drug SubstitutionMedicine Substitution, Product Interchange
The replacement of one medicine with another regarded as equivalent, such as a generic or biosimilar for an originator product, commonly to lower cost.

E

Economic ChoiceChoice Under Scarcity, Economic Decision
A decision made among competing alternatives under scarcity, guided by the relative costs and benefits of each option.
Economic Modelling HTAHTA Modelling, Decision-Analytic Modelling in HTA
The application of decision-analytic modelling techniques within the assessment process, used to estimate a technology's cost-effectiveness.
Economic PrincipleEconomic Foundation, Foundational Economic Proposition
In health economics, a foundational proposition about how scarce resources are allocated, such as scarcity, opportunity cost and efficiency, underpinning the economic evaluation of health interventions.
Electrophysiology EconomicsEP Economics, Cardiac Rhythm Care Economics
The application of health economic evaluation to cardiac electrical system disorders, comparing invasive ablation procedure cost against ongoing medication management.
Employee ContributionEmployee Premium Share, Worker Contribution
The portion of health insurance premium costs an employee pays directly, distinct from the portion covered by their employer.
Employer ContributionEmployer Premium Share, Employer-Paid Portion
The portion of health insurance premium costs an employer pays on behalf of an employee within an employer-sponsored arrangement.
ENBS CalculationENBS Computation, Net Sampling Benefit
The process of computing the expected net benefit of sampling, the expected value of sample information from a study minus its expected cost.
End-of-Life CriteriaEnd-of-Life Modifier, Terminal-Illness Criteria
Special decision criteria applied by some health technology assessment bodies allowing a higher cost-effectiveness threshold for treatments of conditions with short life expectancy.
EQ-5DEuroQol 5D, EQ5D
A generic instrument measuring health-related quality of life across five dimensions, including mobility, self-care, and pain, widely used to generate cost-utility values.
EVICInformation Value Measure, VoI Decision Criterion
A value of information measure expressing the expected value of collecting further evidence before a technology decision, weighed against its cost.
Evidence AdaptationEvidence Transfer, Cross-Jurisdiction Transfer
The process of modifying evidence or an economic evaluation from one country or setting to reflect a different setting's practice and costs.
Evidence of CoverageEOC, Coverage Document
A formal document given to a plan enrollee detailing the specific benefits, cost-sharing, and terms of their coverage.
Ex-Post EvaluationAfter-Implementation Evaluation, Outcome-Based Evaluation
An economic evaluation conducted after an intervention has been implemented, using observed data on its actual costs and outcomes.
Exchange RateFX Rate, Currency Conversion Rate
The price of one currency expressed in terms of another, used to convert costs or prices between countries.
Exclusion ListNon-Covered Drug List, Drug Exclusion Roster
A list of medications explicitly not covered under a health plan's formulary, typically due to available clinically equivalent, lower-cost alternatives.
Expected LossExpected Opportunity Loss, Probability-Weighted Loss
The probability-weighted average cost of making an incorrect decision under uncertainty, calculated across all possible states and their probabilities.
Expected Net BenefitAverage Net Benefit, ENB
Expected net benefit is the average net benefit of an alternative across the uncertainty represented in an economic evaluation, calculated at a stated cost-effectiveness threshold.
Expected Net Benefit of SamplingENBS, Net Value of Sampling
Expected net benefit of sampling is the expected population value of the decision improvement produced by a proposed sample, minus the financial and opportunity costs of obtaining that evidence.
Exponential DiscountingConstant-Rate Discounting, Time-Consistent Discounting
A discounting model in which future costs and benefits are reduced at a constant proportional rate each period, producing time-consistent preferences.
ExternalitySpillover Effect, Third-Party Effect
An externality is a cost or benefit arising from production or consumption that affects third parties and is not fully reflected in the decision-maker’s private costs or benefits.
Externality CorrectionExternality Internalisation, Corrective Intervention
A policy intervention, such as a Pigouvian tax or subsidy, intended to align private incentives with the true social cost or benefit of an activity.

F

Fee FreezeFee Rate Freeze, Payment Freeze
A regulatory or contractual action preventing fee schedule rates from increasing for a specified period, a cost-containment mechanism.
Fee Schedule DevelopmentFee Schedule Setting, Rate Development
The process of establishing or updating fee schedule payment amounts, informed by resource costs, market rates, and policy objectives.
Financial Analytics HealthHealthcare Financial Analytics, Finance Analytics
The application of data analysis to healthcare financial data, supporting budgeting, cost management, and revenue cycle optimisation.
Financial FeasibilityFiscal Feasibility, Funding Feasibility
An assessment of whether a proposed policy can be adequately funded given available resources, considering both implementation and long-term fiscal cost.
Financial Hardship MeasureFinancial Burden Measure, Hardship Indicator
A quantitative indicator assessing the degree of financial burden a household faces from healthcare costs, such as catastrophic expenditure.
FormularyPreferred Drug List, Approved Medication List
A list of medications approved for coverage by a health plan or system, often organised into tiers reflecting patient cost-sharing levels.
Free ClinicCharitable Clinic, Volunteer Clinic
A facility providing medical services at no direct cost, typically relying on volunteer clinicians and charitable funding for uninsured populations.
Free GoodsFree Stock, Free-of-Charge Units
Units of a treatment provided by a manufacturer at no cost, often used within a managed entry agreement to offset non-responder costs.
Free Rider ProblemFree Riding, Collective Action Problem
A situation in which individuals benefit from a shared resource or collective action without contributing to its cost, because exclusion is not feasible.
Full AssessmentComprehensive HTA, Full HTA Review
A comprehensive assessment process involving detailed evaluation of clinical and cost-effectiveness, unlike an abbreviated or rapid review process.
Full CapitationGlobal Capitation, Comprehensive Capitation
A capitation arrangement in which a provider assumes complete financial risk for essentially all a patient's healthcare costs, unlike partial capitation.
Full Economic EvaluationComplete Economic Evaluation, Comparative Economic Evaluation
An economic evaluation comparing two or more alternatives in terms of both costs and consequences, unlike a partial evaluation examining costs or outcomes alone.
Full Societal PerspectiveComplete Societal Perspective, Broad Societal Perspective
An analytic viewpoint including all costs and consequences regardless of who bears them, spanning healthcare, patient and carer time, and productivity losses.
Fully Incremental AnalysisFull Incremental Analysis, Sequential ICER Analysis
Fully incremental analysis compares all mutually exclusive strategies in an ordered sequence to identify the cost-effectiveness frontier.

G

GainsharingGain Sharing, Savings-Sharing Arrangement, Gainsharing Arrangement
An arrangement in which a hospital shares cost savings from improved efficiency with the physicians whose practice changes helped generate them.
Gene Therapy AnnuityAnnuity Payment Model, Instalment Reimbursement
A proposed payment model spreading reimbursement for a high-cost gene therapy over annual instalments tied to its demonstrated durability, rather than one upfront lump sum.
Generic InstrumentGeneric PROM, Generic Health Measure, Generic HRQoL, Generic Measure
A health status questionnaire applicable across a broad range of diseases, allowing comparison across different populations at the cost of condition-specific sensitivity.
Generic PricingGeneric Drug Pricing, Off-Patent Pricing
The pricing strategies applied to generic drugs, typically set substantially below the original brand-name product's price to reflect lower development cost.
Global PerspectiveGlobal Viewpoint, Multi-Country Perspective
An analytic viewpoint considering costs and outcomes across multiple countries or the world as a whole, rather than one national health system.
Gold PlanGold Tier Plan, Gold Metal Tier
A US Affordable Care Act marketplace plan category with a relatively high actuarial value, around eighty percent, giving higher premiums but lower cost-sharing.
Government PerspectivePublic Budget Perspective, Cross-Agency Viewpoint
An analytic viewpoint including costs and outcomes relevant to government budgets as a whole, potentially spanning several public agencies beyond health.
Government SubsidyPublic Subsidy, State Subsidy
Financial support provided by a government to reduce the cost of a good or service, such as healthcare, below unsubsidised market price.

H

Half-Cycle CorrectionHalf-Cycle Adjustment, Mid-Cycle Correction
Half-cycle correction is a within-cycle adjustment in discrete-time state-transition models that approximates time-accruing costs or health effects between recorded state-occupancy endpoints.
Headroom AnalysisHeadroom Method, Value Ceiling Analysis
An early-stage technique estimating the maximum price or cost-effectiveness ceiling a technology under development could command, before detailed clinical evidence exists.
Health AnalyticsHealth Data Analytics, Analytics in Health Systems
In health systems, the use of data analysis methods to turn routine health, cost and outcome data into information that supports clinical, operational and resource-allocation decisions.