Dictionary

The Dictionary provides concise definitions of health economics terms, arranged alphabetically for quick reference. Use it to understand unfamiliar terminology or confirm the meaning of a specific term.

601–650 of 666 terms matching “Cost”

S

SMCScottish Medicines Consortium, Scotland HTA: The Scottish Medicines Consortium, advising Scotland's NHS boards on the clinical and cost-effectiveness of newly licensed medicines for local formulary decisions.
Social CareSocial Services Support, Personal Care Support: In health economics, personal and practical support for people with needs arising from age, disability or illness, distinct from and often costed alongside medical care.
Social Discount RateSocial Time Preference Rate, Societal Discount Rate: The rate at which government or society as a whole is considered to discount future costs and benefits, used in public sector evaluation.
Social Value CriterionSocietal Value Criterion, Social Priority Criterion: A standard reflecting society's broader values and priorities, such as fairness, used to inform a decision beyond pure cost-effectiveness.
Societal PerspectiveSocial Perspective, Whole-Society Viewpoint: An analytic viewpoint including all costs and outcomes regardless of who bears them, including productivity losses and informal carer time.
Socioeconomic AdjustmentSocioeconomic Risk Adjustment, Deprivation Adjustment: A modification to a risk adjustment or payment formula accounting for added costs of caring for socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.
Southeast QuadrantSE Quadrant, Dominant Quadrant: The region of the cost-effectiveness plane where a new intervention is both less costly and more effective than its comparator.
Specialty TierSpecialty Formulary Tier, Biologics Tier: A formulary category for high-cost specialty medications, typically biologics, usually carrying the highest patient cost-sharing of any tier.
Specialty Tier PlacementTier Assignment, Specialty Tier Decision: The decision to assign a medication to a formulary's specialty tier, typically based on cost or complex handling, raising patient cost-sharing.
State RewardState Value, State Payoff: A cost, utility, health outcome, or other consequence accrued while a modelled person occupies a specified state for a defined amount of time.
Static ModelStatic Modelling, Time-Invariant Model: A model representing costs and outcomes at a single point in time, or that ignores how one individual's risk depends on others.
Step TherapyStep Therapy Requirement, Fail-First: A utilisation management policy requiring a patient to try and fail lower-cost treatment options before a payer covers a pricier alternative.
Step-Up TherapyEscalation Therapy, Dose Increase Strategy: A treatment strategy beginning with a lower-intensity or lower-cost option and escalating only if adequate disease control is not achieved.
Stewardship EconomicsAMS Economics, Antibiotic Optimisation Economics: The application of health economic evaluation to programmes optimising antimicrobial use, preserving effectiveness while reducing unnecessary costs and adverse effects.
Stop-Loss InsuranceExcess Loss Insurance, Loss-Cap Cover: A reinsurance type purchased by self-insured employers to protect against unexpectedly high claims costs, from a single case or aggregate total.
Stop-Loss ProvisionLoss-Limit Clause, Excess-Loss Provision: A contractual clause within a risk-sharing arrangement limiting a provider's maximum financial exposure to unexpectedly high claims costs.
Stratified AnalysisStratum-Specific Analysis, Stratified Estimation: An economic evaluation reporting cost-effectiveness results separately for distinct population subgroups, such as by disease severity or age, rather than one pooled result.
Strict DominanceSimple Dominance, Absolute Dominance: A situation where one intervention is unambiguously better than another because it is both less costly and more effective.
Stroke Rehabilitation EconomicsEconomics of Stroke Rehabilitation, Post-Stroke Rehab Economics: The application of health economic evaluation to stroke rehabilitation services, assessing how therapy intensity affects both direct costs and long-term disability costs.
Subgroup StructureSubgroup Specification, Population Structuring: The way a decision-analytic model represents distinct patient subgroups, such as by severity or biomarker status, that may see different costs or outcomes.
Summary of BenefitsSBC, Coverage Summary Document: A standardised document presenting a plan's key coverage terms, costs, and benefits in a concise, comparable format for consumers.
Supplementary BenefitsSupplementary Cover, Add-On Benefits: Additional healthcare services covered beyond a health system's core essential benefits package, often through supplementary insurance or extra cost.
Supply Chain Management HealthHealthcare Supply Chain Management, Health Logistics: The processes involved in sourcing, procuring, and distributing medical supplies and pharmaceuticals, ensuring reliable availability while managing costs.
Supply-Side ControlSupply-Side Measure, Provider-Side Control: Cost containment strategies targeting provider behaviour directly, such as utilisation review, unlike demand-side controls targeting patient incentives.
System EquityCross-System Fairness, Fair Distribution: The degree to which a health system distributes its benefits, costs, and access fairly, regardless of income or geography.
System PerspectivePayer-System Viewpoint, Third-Party Payer View: An analytic viewpoint considering costs and outcomes across an entire health system rather than a single institution, programme, or payer.

T

Tax CreditTax Rebate, Fiscal Credit: A reduction in tax owed, provided by government to encourage a behaviour or offset a cost, such as buying health insurance.
Teaching AdjustmentTeaching Payment Adjustment, Medical Education Adjustment: An additional payment to teaching hospitals under prospective payment systems, offsetting higher costs typically associated with medical education activities.
Technology PerspectiveTechnology Viewpoint, Device-Focused Perspective: An analytic viewpoint defined by the specific health technology being assessed, including all costs and outcomes attributable to it across its uses.
Technology ReplacementTechnology Substitution, Device Replacement: The process by which a newer technology supersedes an older, established alternative, motivated by improved effectiveness, safety, or cost-efficiency.
Terminal NodeLeaf Node, End Node: The endpoint of a branch within a decision tree, where no further events are attached and final cost and outcome values are recorded.
Therapeutic Reference PricingTherapeutic Class Reference Pricing, Class-Based Reference Pricing: A policy grouping drugs believed to produce similar therapeutic effects and setting one reference reimbursement level, encouraging use of the most cost-effective option.
Third Party PerspectiveReimburser Viewpoint, Third-Payer Viewpoint: An analytic viewpoint including only costs and outcomes relevant to a third-party payer, such as an insurer, excluding costs borne directly by patients.
Third-Party PayerThird-Party Reimburser, Insurer-Payer: An entity, other than the patient or provider, that finances healthcare costs on behalf of a covered individual, such as an insurer.
Threshold CriterionThreshold Rule, Threshold Cut-Off: The specific cost-effectiveness benchmark an assessment body uses to judge whether a technology's ICER represents acceptable value for money.
Threshold PriceBreak-Even Price, Maximum Justifiable Price: The price at which a technology's ICER exactly equals a decision-maker's cost-effectiveness threshold, the maximum price still considered an acceptable use of resources.
Thrombectomy EconomicsEconomics of Thrombectomy, Clot-Retrieval Economics: The application of health economic evaluation to mechanical clot removal, most notably in emergency stroke treatment, generally found highly cost-effective.
Tiered NetworkTiered Provider Network, Layered Network: A plan design categorising in-network providers into tiers by cost or quality, with lower cost-sharing for preferred-tier providers.
Time DependencyTime-Dependence, Temporal Dependence: The property of a risk, effect, cost, utility or other model input changing according to a specified time scale, such as attained age or time since an event.
Time HorizonAnalytic Horizon, Evaluation Period: The span of time over which an economic evaluation captures relevant differences in costs and outcomes among the options being compared.
Time Horizon ChoiceHorizon Choice, Analytic Horizon Decision: The methodological decision on how long a model should simulate costs and outcomes, informed by disease natural history and treatment effect duration.
Time Horizon Selection HTAHTA Time Horizon, Lifetime Horizon Selection: The methodological decision on how long a cost-effectiveness analysis should simulate costs and outcomes, often requiring a full lifetime horizon for chronic conditions.
Time PreferenceTemporal Discounting, Impatience Parameter: The valuation of otherwise comparable outcomes according to when they occur, often contributing to the rationale for discounting future costs and health effects in economic evaluation.
TLVDental and Pharmaceutical Benefits Agency, Swedish Benefits Agency: The Swedish Dental and Pharmaceutical Benefits Agency, determining which pharmaceuticals and dental services are subsidised based on cost-effectiveness assessment.
Toll GoodsExcludable Non-Rival Goods, Toll Good: Goods that are excludable but non-rivalrous within capacity, allowing a charge for access while extra users add little cost until congestion is reached.
Trade-offTradeoff, Competing-Objective Balance: A situation in which achieving more of one objective requires accepting less of another, such as extra health benefit only at extra cost.
Trade-Off AnalysisTradeoff Analysis, Trade-Off Assessment: A systematic examination of how competing objectives, such as cost and health benefit, are balanced against one another in a given decision.
Transition RewardTransition Payoff, One-Off Transition Value: A cost or outcome value applied at the moment a patient moves between two health states, unlike a state reward accrued over time.
Transplant Economics: The application of health economic evaluation to organ and tissue transplantation, weighing donor, surgical, and lifelong immunosuppression costs against survival and quality of life gains.
Treatment Capping: A contractual limit on the maximum amount a payer will reimburse for an individual patient's treatment, whether by cycles, dose, or total cost.