Dictionary
The Dictionary provides concise definitions of health economics terms, arranged alphabetically for quick reference. Use it to understand unfamiliar terminology or confirm the meaning of a specific term.
C
- Cumulative HazardIntegrated Hazard, Accumulated Hazard
- The total accumulated risk of an event by a given point in time, found by integrating the instantaneous hazard rate up to that point.
E
- Exponential DistributionConstant-Hazard Distribution, Memoryless Distribution
- A probability distribution characterised by a constant hazard rate over time, used to model event timing when risk is assumed not to change.
- Exponential ModelExponential Survival Model, Constant-Hazard Model
- A survival model assuming time-to-event data follow an exponential distribution, implying a constant hazard rate throughout the modelled time horizon.
G
- Gamma ModelGamma Survival Model, Gamma Hazard Model
- A survival model assuming time-to-event data follow a gamma distribution, allowing hazard rates that increase, decrease, or stay constant over time.
- Gompertz DistributionGompertz Model Distribution, Gompertz Density
- A probability distribution characterised by a hazard rate rising exponentially with time, originally developed to describe human mortality increasing with age.
- Gompertz ModelGompertz Survival Model, Gompertz Hazard Model
- A survival model based on the Gompertz distribution, assuming the hazard rate rises exponentially over time, a pattern common in age-related mortality.
H
- Hazard RateInstantaneous Risk, Instantaneous Event Rate, Hazard Function
- The instantaneous probability of an event at a specific point in time, given survival without the event up to then, on a continuous scale.
- Hazard-to-Probability ConversionHazard Transformation, Rate-Probability Transform
- The mathematical transformation converting an instantaneous hazard rate into the probability of an event occurring over a specific discrete time interval.
P
- Probability-to-Rate ConversionRate Conversion, Probability-Rate Transformation
- The mathematical transformation converting a probability of an event over a discrete time interval into its corresponding continuous-time hazard rate.
- Proportional Hazards AssumptionPH Assumption, Constant Hazard Ratio Assumption
- The Cox model assumption that the hazard ratio between two groups stays constant over follow-up, even as the absolute hazard rate changes.
R
- Rate-to-Probability ConversionRate-Probability Transformation, Rate-Based Probability Estimation
- The mathematical transformation converting a continuous-time hazard rate into the probability of an event occurring within a discrete time interval.
T
- Time-Varying HazardTime-Dependent Hazard, Non-Constant Hazard
- A hazard rate that changes in magnitude over follow-up, unlike a constant hazard that stays the same at every point.
W
- Weibull DistributionWeibull Probability Distribution, Weibull Density
- A flexible probability distribution capable of a monotonically increasing or decreasing hazard rate depending on its shape parameter.