Dictionary

G

Genomic MedicineTermGenomics in Medicine, Genome-Based Care

An approach to healthcare incorporating an individual's genomic information into clinical decision-making, spanning diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment selection.

Geographic AccessTermSpatial Access, Physical Access

A healthcare access dimension concerning the physical distance and travel time required for individuals to reach services.

Geographic Accessibility of HealthcareConceptPhysical Reachability, Reaching Services

Accessibility is the dimension of health care access concerned with how easily people can reach services, given location, travel time, distance and cost.

Geographic AdjustmentTermGeographic Cost Adjustment, Area Wage Adjustment

A modification to a standard payment rate accounting for legitimate cost variation across areas, such as local wage differences.

Geographic BarrierTermDistance Barrier, Travel Barrier

An obstacle to healthcare arising from the physical distance and travel time required to reach services, particularly relevant in rural areas.

Geographic TargetingTermArea-Based Targeting, Spatial Targeting

A method of directing benefits toward specific geographic areas identified as having a high concentration of need, rather than individual-level assessment.

Geographic TransferabilityTermCross-Country Transferability, Regional Transferability

The extent to which an economic evaluation from one country or region can be validly applied to inform decisions elsewhere.

Geometric Mean LOSTermGMLOS, Geometric Mean Length of Stay

A statistical measure of typical diagnosis-related group length of stay, using geometric rather than arithmetic mean to reduce outlier influence.

Geriatric EconomicsTermEconomics of Ageing, Older-Adult Health Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to health and long-term care needs specific to older adults, including assessment and multiple chronic conditions.

Gibbs SamplingConceptGibbs Sampler, Conditional Sampling

A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm generating samples from a complex joint distribution by iteratively sampling each variable from its conditional distribution.

Gini CoefficientTermGini Index, Inequality Coefficient

A summary measure of inequality across a population, ranging from 0 for perfect equality to 1 for maximum inequality, commonly applied to income or health.

Gini Coefficient HealthConceptHealth Gini, Health Concentration Measure

A health Gini coefficient is a scale-normalised measure of relative inequality in a specified nonnegative health variable across a population, obtained from pairwise differences or its Lorenz curve.

Glaucoma EconomicsTermGlaucoma Cost-Effectiveness, Glaucoma Care Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to glaucoma, comparing medication, laser treatment, and surgery for this progressive, potentially irreversible optic nerve condition.

Global BudgetTermAggregate Budget Ceiling, Aggregate Funding Envelope

A predetermined total funding amount allocated to a programme, sector, or provider for a defined period, within which spending decisions are made.

Global Budget SystemTermSector Budget Cap, Total Budget Arrangement

A financing arrangement where providers or an entire sector operate within a predetermined total spending limit, rather than being paid per service.

Global BudgetingTermAggregate Budgeting, Fixed-Envelope Budgeting

A budgeting approach allocating a fixed total funding amount to a programme, provider, or sector for a defined period.

Global Burden of DiseaseTermGBD Study, Global Disease Burden Programme

A research programme systematically quantifying the health loss caused by diseases, injuries, and risk factors across countries and time, using disability-adjusted life years.

Global CapTermAggregate Spending Cap, Total Expenditure Ceiling

A fixed upper limit on total spending for a health programme, sector, or budget category over a defined period.

Global HealthTermWorld Health, Planetary Health

An area of study and practice prioritising improving health and equity worldwide, emphasising transnational issues that transcend national boundaries.

Global Health EconomicsTermEconomics of Global Health, International Health Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to health issues with global or cross-national relevance, often addressing lower-income country constraints.

Global Health SecurityTermGHS, Epidemic Preparedness Capacity

The collective capacity of the international community to prevent, detect, and respond to acute public health threats crossing national borders.

Global Health StatusTermSummary Health Rating, Overall QoL Scale

A summary scale within some quality of life instruments asking patients to rate overall health with a few general questions, unlike more detailed dimension scales.

Global PaymentTermComprehensive Payment, Total Cost of Care Payment

A comprehensive payment covering all or nearly all of a patient's healthcare needs over a defined period, placing substantial financial risk on the provider.

Global PerspectiveTermGlobal Viewpoint, Multi-Country Perspective

An analytic viewpoint considering costs and outcomes across multiple countries or the world as a whole, rather than one national health system.

Global Sensitivity AnalysisConceptGSA, Simultaneous Sensitivity Analysis

Global sensitivity analysis, or GSA, evaluates how uncertainty in model inputs contributes to variation in model outputs when inputs vary across their full specified ranges or distributions.

Global Trigger ToolTermGTT, Trigger Tool

A structured methodology retrospectively reviewing records for indicators suggesting a possible adverse event, more comprehensively estimating true harm rates than voluntary reporting.

Global Value DossierTermGVD, Master Value Dossier

A comprehensive manufacturer document presenting complete clinical and economic evidence, serving as a master reference adapted into country-specific local dossiers.

Glycemic ControlTermGlycaemic Control, Blood Glucose Control

The degree to which blood glucose levels are kept within a target range through diet, medication, and monitoring, commonly measured by HbA1c.

Goal AttainmentTermGAS, Individualised Goal Scaling

An outcome approach assessing treatment success by how far a patient reaches personally meaningful goals set with their clinician, rather than standardised measures alone.

Goal Setting InterventionTermGoal Setting, Target Setting

An intervention that sets specific, defined targets to improve motivation and performance toward a desired behaviour.

Goals of CareTermCare Goals, Treatment Priorities

A patient's expressed priorities for their medical treatment, particularly when facing serious illness, used to guide care consistent with what matters most.

Goals of Care DiscussionTermGoals of Care Conversation, Care Planning Conversation

A structured conversation between patient, family, and providers to clarify the patient's values and priorities for treatment, particularly in serious illness.

Gold PlanTermGold Tier Plan, Gold Metal Tier

A US Affordable Care Act marketplace plan category with a relatively high actuarial value, around eighty percent, giving higher premiums but lower cost-sharing.

Gompertz DistributionConceptGompertz Model Distribution, Gompertz Density

A probability distribution characterised by a hazard rate rising exponentially with time, originally developed to describe human mortality increasing with age.

Gompertz ModelConceptGompertz Survival Model, Gompertz Hazard Model

A survival model based on the Gompertz distribution, assuming the hazard rate rises exponentially over time, a pattern common in age-related mortality.

Good CatchTermNear-Miss Interception, Error Interception

An informal term for an instance where a healthcare worker identifies and prevents a potential error from reaching a patient.

Good CharacteristicTermGood Property, Goods Classification Characteristic

In health economics, a property used to classify health goods and services by their rivalry in consumption and their excludability, explaining why provisions such as public health protection behave as public goods that private markets undersupply while most treatments behave as private goods.

Good DeathTermDignified Dying, Quality End-of-Life

A palliative care concept describing an end-of-life experience characterised by comfort, dignity, and alignment with a patient's personal wishes.

Goodness of FitConceptFit Adequacy, Predicted-Observed Correspondence

Goodness of fit describes how adequately a statistical model or probability distribution represents the observed data for its intended purpose.

Goodness of Fit TestConceptFit Test, Distributional Fit Test

A goodness of fit test assesses whether a specified discrepancy between observed data and a proposed probability model is unusually large under that model’s sampling assumptions.

Governance BlockTermLeadership and Governance, Governance Function

A core health system building block encompassing policy, regulation, and oversight mechanisms guiding and coordinating the system's overall functioning.

Governance StandardsTermOversight Standards, Governance Framework

The policies and oversight mechanisms established to ensure research is conducted responsibly and in accordance with ethical and regulatory requirements.

Government FailureTermState Failure, Policy Failure

A situation where government intervention fails to improve, or worsens, economic efficiency relative to what an unregulated market would have produced.

Government InterventionTermState Intervention, Public Intervention

Action taken by government to influence market outcomes, typically justified by market failure such as externalities, information asymmetry, or public goods.

Government PerspectiveTermPublic Budget Perspective, Cross-Agency Viewpoint

An analytic viewpoint including costs and outcomes relevant to government budgets as a whole, potentially spanning several public agencies beyond health.

Government SubsidyTermPublic Subsidy, State Subsidy

Financial support provided by a government to reduce the cost of a good or service, such as healthcare, below unsubsidised market price.

GRADETermGrading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation, Evidence Certainty Framework

An abbreviation for the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework, a widely adopted system for rating evidence certainty.

Gradient DescentConceptSteepest Descent, First-Order Optimisation

Gradient descent is an iterative first-order optimization method that reduces a differentiable objective function by repeatedly moving the parameter vector in the direction opposite its gradient.

Grandfathered PlanTermGrandfathered Health Plan, Legacy Plan

A health insurance plan predating a major regulatory reform, exempt from certain new requirements as long as it avoids significant coverage changes.

Greater Than Minimal RiskTermAbove-Minimal-Risk Study, Elevated Research Risk

A regulatory classification indicating a study's potential risks exceed those ordinarily encountered in daily life, triggering additional ethical review requirements.