Dictionary

E

Endocrinology EconomicsTermEconomics of Endocrinology, Hormonal Disorder Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to conditions affecting hormone-producing glands, including diabetes, thyroid disorders, and other endocrine conditions.

Endowment Effect ConceptTermEndowment Effect, Divestiture Aversion

The tendency to value goods or outcomes already owned more highly than identical items not yet owned.

Energy LevelTermVitality, Perceived Energy

A clinical outcome measure capturing a patient's perceived vitality, often assessed as a subdomain within broader quality of life or fatigue instruments.

EnrollmentTermTrial Enrolment, Participant Registration

The process of recruiting and formally registering participants into a trial after confirming they meet the study's eligibility criteria.

Enrollment DesignTermEnrolment Design, Sign-Up Rules

The processes and rules governing how and when individuals can sign up for a plan, including open enrolment periods and defaults.

ENT EconomicsTermOtolaryngology Economics, Ear Nose and Throat Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to ear, nose, and throat conditions, spanning hearing loss, sinus conditions, and head and neck cancers.

Entitlement DefinitionTermBenefit Entitlement, Right-to-Benefit Criteria

The legal and administrative criteria establishing an individual's right to receive benefits under a public programme, such as Medicare.

Entity DefinitionTermDES Entity Specification, Entity Specification

The specification of the individual units, such as patients, that flow through and interact with a discrete event simulation.

Environmental DataTermEnvironmental Health Data, Physical-Environment Data

Data capturing physical environment characteristics, such as air quality or water contamination levels, used to study their relationship with health outcomes.

Environmental EpidemiologyTermEnvironmental Epi, Exposure Epidemiology

A branch of epidemiology studying how physical environment exposures, such as air pollution, affect human health outcomes within populations.

Environmental Health PolicyTermEnvironmental Health Regulation, Environmental Policy for Health

Government policy addressing health risks from environmental exposures, such as air pollution or contaminated water, covering regulatory standards and remediation.

EpidemicTermDisease Outbreak, Excess Case Occurrence

An occurrence of disease cases clearly in excess of what would normally be expected within a community over a defined period.

Epidemic Modelling EconomicsTermOutbreak Modelling Economics, Transmission Modelling Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to outbreak interventions, built on dynamic transmission models capturing how disease spreads through a population.

EpidemiologyTermEpidemiological Science, Study of Disease Distribution

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states within specified populations, and applying that knowledge to control health problems.

Epilepsy EconomicsTermEpilepsy Cost-Effectiveness, Seizure Disorder Economics

The application of health economic evaluation to epilepsy, comparing anti-seizure medication, dietary therapy, and, in select cases, surgical treatment.

Episode CostTermCost per Episode, Care-Episode Expense

The total expense of a defined clinical episode, such as a hospital admission, from its beginning through resolution.

Episode PaymentTermEpisode Reimbursement, Per-Episode Bundled Payment

A payment covering all services associated with a defined clinical episode, such as surgery and recovery, rather than separate payments per service.

Episode-Based PaymentTermBundled Episode Reimbursement, Care-Episode Reimbursement

A methodology reimbursing a single, comprehensive amount for all care within a defined clinical episode, incentivising efficient, coordinated care.

EQ-5DTermEuroQol 5D, EQ5D

A generic instrument measuring health-related quality of life across five dimensions, including mobility, self-care, and pain, widely used to generate cost-utility values.

EQ-5D-3LTermEQ-5D-3-Level, Three-Level EQ-5D

The original three-level version of the EQ-5D, scoring each of the five health dimensions as no problems, some problems, or extreme problems.

EQ-5D-5LTermEQ-5D-5-Level, Five-Level EQ-5D

An extended version of the EQ-5D scoring each health dimension using five severity levels rather than three, improving sensitivity to smaller changes.

Equal Value of Life Year GainedTermevLYG, Equal-Value Life-Year

An alternative to the QALY that values every extra year of life gained equally, regardless of the quality of life experienced during it.

Equal WeightsTermEqual Weighting, Unweighted Pooling

A method combining multiple experts' judgements by giving each opinion identical weight in the pooled estimate, unlike performance-based weighting.

Equi-Effective DoseTermEquieffective Dose

Equi-effective dose, in PBAC cost-minimisation, is the dose of a new medicine and of its main comparator judged equally effective, used to compare costs.

EquilibriumConceptMarket Balance, Balanced State

A state in an economic system where opposing forces, such as supply and demand, balance so there is no inherent tendency to change.

Equilibrium PriceConceptMarket-Clearing Price, Balancing Price

An equilibrium price is the price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied in a specified market under the model's stated conditions.

Equipment ManagementTermMedical Device Upkeep, Biomedical Asset Management

The processes an organisation uses to acquire, maintain, and appropriately use its medical equipment, including preventive maintenance and inventory tracking.

Equitable AccessTermFair Access, Equitable Healthcare Access

A state where individuals have a fair opportunity to obtain needed healthcare regardless of income, geography, or ethnicity irrelevant to clinical need.

EquityConceptFairness Principle, Distributional Fairness

Equity is fairness in how health, healthcare and its financing are distributed: equal treatment for equal need, and appropriately more for greater need.

Equity AnalysisConceptFairness Assessment, Distributional Equity Assessment

An assessment of whether the distribution of health, access, or financing burden across a population is fair, distinct from merely equal.

Equity CriterionTermFairness Criterion, Equity Decision Standard

A standard judging whether a funding decision would exacerbate or reduce existing disparities in health outcomes or access.

Equity GapTermFairness Gap, Avoidable Disparity

The observed difference in health outcomes, access, or financing burden between population subgroups that is considered unfair or avoidable.

Equity-Efficiency Trade-offConceptEquity-Efficiency Tradeoff, Efficiency-Equity Trade-off, Equity and Efficiency Trade-off

The equity-efficiency trade-off is the total health given up for a fairer distribution when the option that maximises health is not the fairest one.

Equity-Weighted AnalysisConceptEquity-Weighted CEA, Weighted Health Gain Analysis

Equity-weighted analysis is a cost-effectiveness analysis in which health gains for priority groups, such as the severely ill, are weighted more heavily.

Equivalence TrialConceptEquivalence Study, Therapeutic Equivalence Study

A trial designed to show a new treatment's effect is neither substantially better nor worse than an existing treatment, within a set margin.

Equivalent VariationConceptEV

Equivalent variation (EV) is the income change, made instead of a price, health or policy change, that leaves a person as well off as that change would.

Error CheckingTermFormula Verification, Model Debugging Check

The systematic review of a model's formulas, code, and outputs to identify mistakes such as incorrect cell references or logical inconsistencies.

Error ReportingTermError Documentation, Mistake Reporting

The systematic documentation of mistakes or near misses within an organisation, intended to identify patterns and inform safety improvement.

Essential BenefitsTermEssential Service Set, Core Benefits

A defined set of healthcare services considered fundamental to basic health needs, often used to design a publicly funded package.

Essential Health BenefitsTermEHB, Mandated Benefit Categories

A defined set of service categories certain plans must cover under regulatory standards, ensuring a baseline level of comprehensive coverage.

Essential Package DesignTermBenefit Package Design, Basic Package Definition

The process of determining which healthcare services will be included within a defined, typically publicly funded, basic benefits package.

Established TechnologyTermMature Technology, Routine-Use Technology

A technology in routine clinical use for an extended period, with a well-developed evidence base and generally accepted role in care.

Ethical CriterionTermEthics Criterion, Ethical Decision Standard

A standard reflecting a specific ethical principle, such as fairness or patient autonomy, used to inform an assessment or policy decision.

Ethical EvidenceTermEthics Evidence, Ethical-Dimension Analysis

Information or analysis addressing the ethical dimensions of a technology or policy decision, such as its effect on patient autonomy.

Ethical FeasibilityTermEthics Feasibility, Ethical Acceptability Assessment

An assessment of whether a proposed policy option is ethically acceptable given prevailing values, considering fairness and potential harm.

Ethical ReviewTermEthics Review, Ethical Appraisal

A formal evaluation of the ethical acceptability of a proposed research study or health policy, conducted by a dedicated committee.

Ethical StandardsTermEthics Standards, Professional Ethical Principles

The specific principles governing appropriate professional conduct within a field, intended to protect the interests and wellbeing of those affected.

Ethics CommitteeTermREC, Institutional Ethics Panel

A body responsible for reviewing the ethical acceptability of proposed research or clinical practices, evaluating risk, merit, and adherence to principles.

Ethics ConsultationTermClinical Ethics Advice, Ethics Advisory Service

A service provided by ethics experts to help clinicians, patients, or researchers navigate an ethically complex situation or decision.

Ethics HTA CommitteeTermHTA Ethics Panel, HTA Ethics Advisory Body

A body advising an assessment organisation on the ethical dimensions of specific decisions, such as effects on patient autonomy or fairness.