Clinical Trial
A clinical trial is a study that prospectively assigns people to health interventions to measure their effects, giving evidence for regulators and HTA.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Clinical Trial Design
Clinical trial design is the protocol plan for a trial's comparator, population, endpoints, follow-up and sample size, setting how far results inform HTA.
Clinician-Reported Outcome
A clinician-reported outcome (ClinRO) is a clinical outcome assessment in which a trained health professional rates the patient using clinical judgement.
Closed-Form Analytical Method
A closed-form analytical method solves a health economic model with a formula, such as a matrix inverse, instead of by simulation or random sampling.
Club Goods
Club goods are excludable goods a group can share without rivalry until congestion sets in, so users can be charged and membership limited.
Cluster Analysis
Cluster analysis is an unsupervised method that sorts patients, providers or countries into groups whose members are more alike than those in other groups.
Cluster Effect
A cluster effect is the tendency of patients in the same practice or hospital to have similar outcomes and costs, so their data are not independent.
Cluster Randomization
Cluster randomization allocates groups, such as hospitals or GP practices, to trial arms, so clinical and economic analyses must allow for clustering.
Co-Primary Outcome
A co-primary outcome is one of two or more primary outcomes in a trial, each of which must show a significant treatment effect for the trial to succeed.
Coase Theorem
The Coase theorem holds that, with clear property rights and no transaction costs, bargaining reaches an efficient outcome whoever holds the rights.
COBRA Coverage
COBRA coverage is the US right to keep an employer group health plan for a limited time after job loss or another qualifying event, usually at full cost.
Coercion
Coercion in health research is a threat of harm used to make someone take part against their will, so their consent is not voluntary and not valid.
Cognitive Bias Concept
The cognitive bias concept is systematic error in judgement, often from mental shortcuts, that skews how patients, clinicians and experts weigh evidence.
Cognitively Impaired Research
Cognitively impaired research is research with people whose impaired capacity may prevent valid consent, so proxy involvement and extra safeguards apply.
Cohen's d
Cohen's d is a standardised effect size: the difference between two group means divided by their pooled standard deviation, used to compare studies.
Cohort Design
A cohort design is an observational study that follows people grouped by exposure or treatment forward from a common start to compare later outcomes.
Cohort Model
A cohort model is a health economic decision model that estimates mean costs and outcomes for a patient group as a whole, without simulating individuals.
Cohort Simulation
Cohort simulation runs a Markov or other state-transition model by moving the expected shares of a hypothetical cohort between health states each cycle.
Cohort Trace
A cohort trace, or Markov trace, is the table of the share of a modelled cohort in each health state at every cycle, used to compute costs and QALYs.
Coinsurance
Coinsurance is the percentage of the allowed cost of a covered health service that an insured patient pays, usually after the deductible has been met.