Fractional Polynomial
A flexible modelling technique representing a non-linear relationship using a small number of power transformations of a continuous variable.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Frailty Model
A survival model incorporating an unobserved random effect, called frailty, to represent risk heterogeneity not captured by observed covariates.
Frequentist Analysis
A statistical inference approach based on the long-run frequency properties of estimators, calculated from observed data alone, unlike a Bayesian approach.
Frequentist Meta-Analysis
An approach combining evidence using classical frequentist methods, producing a point estimate and confidence interval without formally incorporating prior beliefs.
Friction Cost Method
A productivity loss valuation approach estimating only the cost of the finite period needed to restore normal production, generally lower than human capital estimates.
Full Economic Evaluation
An economic evaluation comparing two or more alternatives in terms of both costs and consequences, unlike a partial evaluation examining costs or outcomes alone.
Fully Incremental Analysis
A method comparing more than two mutually exclusive interventions by ranking them by effectiveness and calculating each option's ICER against the next best alternative.
Fundamental Cost Analysis
A cost analysis limited to the most basic categories of direct medical cost, without extension into indirect or intangible categories.
Futility Analysis
A planned interim analysis assessing whether accumulating data suggest a trial is highly unlikely to show a significant treatment effect.
Future Value
The value a present sum of money will grow to after a specified period, given a particular rate of return.
Game Theory Health
The application of game theory, the study of strategic interaction, to problems such as price negotiations, provider competition, or vaccination decisions.
Gamma Distribution
A flexible probability distribution capable of representing increasing, decreasing, or constant hazard patterns, commonly used for time-to-event and cost data.
Gamma Model
A survival model assuming time-to-event data follow a gamma distribution, allowing hazard rates that increase, decrease, or stay constant over time.
Gaussian Process
A flexible statistical framework modelling an unknown function by treating any finite set of its values as jointly normally distributed.
Gaussian Process Regression
A non-parametric technique modelling an unknown function by treating any finite set of outputs as jointly normally distributed, giving predictions with uncertainty.
Gaussian Quadrature
A numerical integration technique approximating a definite integral using a weighted sum of function values at strategically chosen points.
Generalized Cost-Effectiveness
A form of cost-effectiveness analysis comparing a broad set of interventions against a common null counterfactual rather than against current practice.
Generalized Estimating Equations
A method analysing repeated measures or clustered data, estimating population-average effects while accounting for within-cluster correlation, without a full random effects specification.
Generalized F Model
A highly flexible parametric survival model encompassing several other distributions, including the exponential, Weibull, and log-normal, as special cases.
Generalized Gamma
A flexible probability distribution including the gamma, Weibull, and log-normal distributions as special cases, capable of representing many hazard shapes.