Distribution-Based MID
A distribution-based MID is a minimal important difference estimated from score spread or instrument reliability, such as half a standard deviation.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Distributional Cost-Effectiveness
Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) is an economic evaluation showing who gains and loses health from a policy and its effect on inequality.
Distributional Weight
A distributional weight is a multiplier in cost-benefit analysis that values health policy gains and losses by who gets them, usually favouring the poor.
Disutility
Disutility is the loss of utility caused by a health state, adverse event or treatment, measured from a stated baseline and used to reduce QALYs.
Dominance
Dominance in cost-effectiveness analysis excludes an option when another option, or a blend of two others, is no worse on cost or effect and better on one.
Dominance Analysis
Dominance analysis drops health care options beaten on cost and health effect by another option or a blend of two, so ICERs compare only efficient ones.
Double Counting
Double counting is an analysis error in economic evaluation in which one cost or benefit is counted twice, such as an NHS saving also entered as a benefit.
Economic Evaluation
Economic evaluation, often called health economic evaluation, compares the costs and outcomes of healthcare options to judge which offers the best value.
Edgeworth Box
The Edgeworth box is a diagram of each split of fixed amounts of two goods, such as health care and food, between two people, showing Pareto efficiency.
Efficiency
Efficiency is getting the most health or other valued outcomes from scarce healthcare resources, avoiding waste and allocating them to their best uses.
Efficiency Frontier
The efficiency frontier is the line joining the non-dominated treatments for one indication on a plot of benefit against cost, as used by Germany's IQWiG.
Efficient Design
An experimental design built to maximise the statistical information obtained from a given number of choice tasks.
Elastic Demand
Elastic demand is demand whose price elasticity exceeds one in absolute value, so a price rise, such as a health tax, cuts total spending on the product.
EORTC QLU-C10D
EORTC QLU-C10D is a cancer-specific preference-based measure that scores 13 QLQ-C30 items with national value sets to give utilities for QALYs.
EQ-5D-3L Value Set
EQ-5D-3L value sets are utility weights, elicited from a population's health state valuations, that score all 243 EQ-5D-3L states for QALY calculation.
EQ-5D-5L Value Set
EQ-5D-5L value set is a scoring algorithm, estimated from a general public valuation study, that gives each of the 3,125 EQ-5D-5L states a QALY utility.
EQ-HWB-S
EQ-HWB-S, renamed EQ-HWB-9, is the nine-item short form of the EQ Health and Wellbeing measure, with a UK pilot value set giving utilities for QALYs.
Equality of Opportunity
Equality of opportunity is an equity principle that judges health gaps unfair when they stem from circumstances people cannot control, not their choices.
Equilibrium Price
An equilibrium price is the price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, so a market for a health service or medicine clears.
Equity
Equity is fairness in how health, healthcare and its financing are distributed: equal treatment for equal need, and appropriately more for greater need.