تحليل المنفعة والتكلفة

Representing uncertainty: the role of cost-effectiveness acceptability curves — Fenwick E, Claxton K, Sculpher M, Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 779-787 ed., 2001 (Health Economics)

Explains how cost-effectiveness acceptability curves represent decision uncertainty, showing the probability that each intervention is cost-effective across a range of values for the ceiling ratio.

Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes — Drummond, Sculpher, Claxton, Stoddart & Torrance, 4th Edition ed., 2015 (Oxford University Press)

The standard international reference text for economic evaluation methods in health care, covering cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-benefit analysis, measurement of costs and outcomes, evidence synthesis, and the characterisation of uncertainty.

Model parameter estimation and uncertainty: a report of the ISPOR-SMDM Modeling Good Research Practices Task Force-6 — Briggs AH, Weinstein MC, Fenwick EAL, Karnon J, Sculpher MJ, Paltiel AD, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 835-842 ed., 2012 (Value in Health)

Good-practice recommendations on estimating model parameters and reporting deterministic and probabilistic uncertainty around base-case results.

Using cost-effectiveness analysis to address health equity concerns — Cookson R, Mirelman AJ, Griffin S, et al., Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 206-212 ed., 2017 (Value in Health)

Overview of methods for incorporating health equity concerns into cost-effectiveness analysis, including equity impact analysis and equity trade-off analysis.

Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 — Husereau, Drummond, Augustovski, de Bekker-Grob, Briggs, Carswell, et al., CHEERS 2022 ed., 2022 (Value in Health)

International reporting guidance for transparent and complete reporting of health economic evaluations; it is not a methodological quality score.

Mapping to estimate health-state utility from non-preference-based outcome measures: an ISPOR Good Practices for Outcomes Research Task Force report — Wailoo AJ, Hernandez-Alava M, Manca A, et al., Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 18-27 ed., 2017 (Value in Health)

ISPOR task force report on good practices for mapping from non-preference-based outcome measures to health-state utility values for use in cost-utility analysis.

Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine — Neumann, Sanders, Russell, Siegel & Ganiats, 2nd Edition ed., 2016 (Oxford University Press)

The revised report of the Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, providing methodological benchmarks for CEA including the reference case, perspectives, discounting, and the valuation of health outcomes.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health: A Practical Approach — Muennig & Bounthavong, 3rd Edition ed., 2016 (Jossey-Bass (Wiley))

An accessible, practical introduction to conducting cost-effectiveness analysis, incorporating recommendations from the Second Panel and extensive worked examples using decision trees and Markov models. Written for readers without a biostatistics background.

Essentials of Pharmacoeconomics — Karen L. Rascati, 2nd Edition ed., 2014 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer))

The standard introductory pharmacoeconomics textbook, aligned to ACPE pharmacy-education requirements: cost-minimisation, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-benefit analysis, plus how to critique pharmacoeconomic research articles, with worked composite examples.

Pharmacoeconomic Profiles of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in Rare Diseases: A Systematic Review — (systematic review), Systematic Review ed., 2025 (Journal of Clinical Medicine)

A PRISMA-guided systematic review of the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility profiles of EMA-authorised advanced therapy medicinal products (gene and cell therapies) for rare diseases, benchmarking ICERs against willingness-to-pay thresholds.

NICE Health Technology Evaluations: The Manual (PMG36) — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, PMG36 ed., 2022 (NICE)

NICE’s consolidated methods and processes manual for health technology evaluation, defining the reference case for economic evaluation (perspective, comparators, time horizon, discounting, EQ-5D, cost-effectiveness thresholds and the severity modifier) — the authoritative HTA methods reference for the English NHS.

Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Health Technologies: Canada, 4th Edition — Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), 4th Edition ed., 2017 (CADTH / CDA-AMC)

CADTH’s national methods guidelines for the economic evaluation of health technologies in Canada — reference case, comparators, modelling, effectiveness, discounting and uncertainty — a major national HTA methods reference (co-authored with Sculpher and other leading health economists).

Estimating Mean QALYs in Trial-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: The Importance of Controlling for Baseline Utility — Andrea Manca, Neil Hawkins and Mark J. Sculpher, 14(5) ed., 2005 (Health Economics)

Methodological paper on baseline-utility adjustment when estimating mean QALYs in trial-based economic evaluation.

Economic Evaluation and Its Types — Dalia M. Dawoud and Darrin L. Baines, In Economic Evaluation of Pharmacy Services, pp. 99–119 ed., 2017 (Academic Press)

Directly relevant chapter introducing CMA, CEA, CUA and CBA and explaining measurement of costs and outcomes, perspective, incremental analysis and decision rules.

QALYs: The Basics — Milton C. Weinstein, George Torrance and Alistair McGuire, 12(Suppl 1):S5–S9 ed., 2009 (Value in Health)

Foundational explanation of how QALYs combine survival and preference-based health-related quality of life and their role in economic evaluation.

ISPOR Economic Evaluation — ISPOR (ISPOR)

Curated international good-practice reports, reporting standards and methodological resources for economic evaluation.

Tufts CEA Registry — Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health (CEVR), Tufts Medical Center, Ongoing database ed., 2024 (Tufts Medical Center)

A comprehensive database of more than 14,500 standardised cost-effectiveness (cost-per-QALY) ratios and over 21,900 utility weights, extracted from thousands of peer-reviewed cost-utility analyses — an essential reference for benchmarking ICERs and sourcing utility values.

EQ-5D Value Sets and Analysis Tools — EuroQol Research Foundation, Current online resource ed., 2026 (EuroQol Research Foundation)

Official resources for selecting and applying instrument- and country-specific EQ-5D value sets used in QALY estimation.