Nash Equilibrium
A Nash equilibrium is a set of strategies, one per player, from which no player, such as a payer, provider or patient, gains by changing strategy alone.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Near Miss Rate
A near miss rate is a patient safety indicator counting incidents stopped before they reach a patient per unit of care, such as per 1,000 medication doses.
Negative Binomial
The negative binomial distribution models counts, such as hospital admissions per patient, whose variance exceeds the mean because rates vary by patient.
Negative Binomial Regression
Negative binomial regression models counts of health care use, such as admissions or exacerbations, whose variance is larger than a Poisson model allows.
Negative Externality
A negative externality is an uncompensated cost, such as second-hand smoke or antibiotic resistance, that an activity imposes on third parties.
Negative Likelihood Ratio
Negative Likelihood Ratio (LR-): (1 minus sensitivity) over specificity, the factor by which a negative test multiplies disease odds in decision models.
Negative Predictive Value
Negative predictive value (NPV) is the share of people with a negative test result who truly lack the condition, which models use to count missed cases.
Negative Study
A negative study is one whose main result shows no statistically significant or clinically important effect, which is not proof that no effect exists.
Nelder-Mead Method
The Nelder-Mead method is a derivative-free algorithm that moves a simplex of trial points to minimise a score, used to calibrate health economic models.
Nelson-Aalen Estimator
The Nelson-Aalen estimator gives a non-parametric cumulative hazard from censored survival data, used to check survival curves in health economic models.
Net Benefit
Net benefit places health gains and costs on one scale by valuing health at a cost-effectiveness threshold, or directly in money, and subtracting costs.
Net Benefit Approach
The net benefit approach is a cost-effectiveness decision framework that ranks options by net benefit at a stated threshold instead of by ratios.
Net Health Benefit
Net health benefit (NHB) is the health an option gains, in QALYs, minus the QALYs its extra cost would buy elsewhere at the cost-effectiveness threshold.
Net Monetary Benefit
Net monetary benefit (NMB) is an option's health outcome valued in money at a cost-effectiveness threshold minus its cost, used to rank healthcare options.
Net Present Value
Net present value (NPV) is an option's discounted monetary benefits minus its discounted costs, used to appraise health service investments.
Net Survival Model
A survival model estimating the survival a population would experience if the disease studied were the only possible cause of death.
Network Meta-Analysis
Network meta-analysis (NMA) compares three or more treatments in one analysis, pooling direct and indirect trial evidence to inform HTA decisions.
Network Meta-Analysis HTA
The application of network meta-analysis specifically within health technology assessment, generating comparative effectiveness estimates when treatments were never studied together.
Newton-Raphson Method
The Newton–Raphson method is an iterative numerical algorithm that uses local derivative information to find a root of an equation.
Node-Splitting
Node-splitting is a network meta-analysis inconsistency check that estimates one comparison separately from direct and indirect evidence and compares them.