Conditional Probability
Conditional probability is the chance of an event given that another has occurred; health economic models use it for branch and transition probabilities.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Confidence Interval
A confidence interval (CI) is a range around an estimate, such as a cost difference, built so a set share, often 95%, of such ranges hold the true value.
Confidence Interval Estimation
The statistical process of calculating a range of plausible values for an unknown parameter based on sample data and a specified confidence level.
Confidence Profile Method
The confidence profile method is a Bayesian method that adjusts studies of varied design for bias and pools them into parameter distributions for HTA.
Confidential Pricing
Confidential pricing keeps a medicine's negotiated net price secret between manufacturer and payer, while a higher list price stays public.
Confidentiality
Confidentiality is the ethical and legal duty to protect identifiable patient information from disclosure unless there is consent or another lawful basis.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tests whether data fit a prespecified model linking health questionnaire items to the latent factors they measure.
Confirmatory Trial
A confirmatory trial is a controlled trial testing pre-set hypotheses to give firm evidence of efficacy or safety, for licensing or after early approval.
Conflict of Interest
Conflict of interest is a situation where a secondary interest, such as a manufacturer's payment, risks unduly swaying judgement in research, care or HTA.
Confounder
A confounder is a variable, such as disease severity, that affects both the treatment a patient receives and the outcome, biasing unadjusted comparisons.
Confounding
Confounding is bias in an estimated treatment effect when a common cause of treatment and outcome mixes the treatment's effect with group differences.
Confounding by Aggregation
Confounding by aggregation is bias when group-level data, such as regional or trial averages, mix differences between groups into an exposure's effect.
Confounding by Indication
Confounding by indication is bias in observational treatment studies arising when the reason a patient is treated also affects their risk of the outcome.
Conjoint Analysis
Conjoint analysis is a family of stated preference methods estimating how people value treatment or service attributes from ratings, rankings or choices.
Consensus Building
Consensus building is the use of structured group methods, such as Delphi panels, to agree judgements for guidelines and policy when evidence is thin.
Constant Hazard
Constant hazard is the survival modelling assumption that the event rate among people still at risk stays the same over time, giving exponential survival.
Constrained Optimisation
Constrained optimisation finds the choice that does best on an objective, such as QALYs gained, without breaking limits such as a fixed health budget.
Construct Validity
Construct validity is how well a PROM's scores fit hypotheses about it, covering structural validity, hypotheses testing and cross-cultural validity.
Consumer Choice
Consumer choice is the economic theory of how people choose goods and services, including health care, to best satisfy their preferences within a budget.
Consumer Price Index
The consumer price index (CPI) measures change in the prices households pay for a fixed basket of goods and services, used to adjust costs for inflation.