Biosimilar Substitution
Biosimilar substitution is dispensing a biosimilar instead of a prescribed reference biologic without consulting the prescriber, where rules allow.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Concepts, entries and ontology terms
A concept page is a published entry on the wiki. Some concepts also have a full encyclopaedia article. The Health Economics Ontology (HEO) holds every concept, including dictionary terms without an article, so it is larger than the list of published pages. The knowledge graph shows how concepts relate to each other.
Black Box Model
A black box model is a model whose workings cannot be inspected or understood, such as a locked cost-effectiveness model or a deep learning algorithm.
Bootstrap Standard Error
Bootstrap standard error is the standard deviation of an estimate, such as mean trial cost, recalculated across many resamples of the observed data.
Bootstrapping
Bootstrapping is a resampling method that estimates sampling uncertainty in trial costs, QALYs and net benefit from patient samples drawn with replacement.
Bottom-Up Cost-of-Illness
Bottom-Up Cost-of-Illness estimates a disease's economic burden by valuing patient-level resource use at unit costs and scaling it to the population.
Bottom-Up Costing
Bottom-up costing estimates the cost of care by recording each patient's use of resources and multiplying every item by its unit cost.
Bounded Rationality Concept
The bounded rationality concept holds that patients, clinicians and payers with limited information, time and computation settle for good enough options.
Branching Logic
Branching logic is the set of if-then rules that route a health survey respondent, or a patient in a decision model, by earlier answers or chance events.
Break-Even Analysis
Break-even analysis finds the price, effect or volume at which a health technology or service becomes cost-effective, cost-neutral or self-financing.
Breast Cancer Screening
Breast Cancer Screening is regular mammography of women without symptoms to cut deaths, judged economically against overdiagnosis and cost per QALY.
Brier Score
The Brier score is the mean squared difference between predicted risks and observed binary outcomes, used to judge prediction models; lower is better.
Budget Approval
The authorised decision to allocate or permit specified spending for a defined health purpose, budget holder and period, often with explicit conditions.
Budget Constraint
Budget constraint is the limit that a fixed budget and given costs place on what can be bought, so funding one health programme means forgoing another.
Budget Cycle
Budget Cycle is the yearly sequence of formulation, approval, execution and review by which government health budgets are set, spent and audited.
Budget Envelope
Budget Envelope is the fixed total set in advance for a health sector, programme or fund, within which detailed spending and coverage choices must fit.
Budget Execution
Budget execution is the stage of the budget cycle in which an approved health budget is released, committed and spent, tracked by its execution rate.
Budget Impact
Budget impact is the change in spending a budget holder can expect from adopting a health technology or policy, estimated by budget impact analysis.
Budget Impact Analysis
Budget impact analysis (BIA) estimates how adopting a new health technology would change spending for a particular budget holder over the next few years.
Budget Impact Model
Budget Impact Model is the calculation tool that forecasts a payer's yearly spending with and without a new health technology, usually over 1 to 5 years.
Budget Impact Modelling
Budget impact modelling is the practice of building, testing and documenting a model of how a new health technology changes a payer's yearly spending.