Cumulative Hazard
The total accumulated risk of an event by a given point in time, found by integrating the instantaneous hazard rate up to that point.
Encyclopaedia
Explore comprehensive, evidence-informed explanations of key health economics concepts, including their development, application and relationships to other concepts. Published entries are validated through human expert review.
Cure Fraction
The proportion of a population modelled as having no residual risk of the disease-specific event after successful treatment, effectively behaving as cured.
Cure Fraction Model
A survival model separating a population into a cured subgroup facing only background mortality and an uncured subgroup remaining at risk of the disease event.
Cure Model
A survival model assuming a defined proportion of a population will never experience the event of interest, distinguishing this cured group from those still at risk.
Cure Rate Model
A statistical model estimating both the proportion of a population considered cured and the survival distribution governing the remaining uncured population.
Current Ratio
A financial ratio calculated as current assets divided by current liabilities, used to assess an organisation's ability to meet short-term obligations.
Curve Fitting
The statistical process of identifying the mathematical function that best represents an observed pattern of data, such as observed survival times.
Cycle
A discrete unit of time in a Markov model during which patients may transition between health states, dividing the whole time horizon.
Cycle Length
The duration of time represented by a single cycle within a Markov model, chosen based on the clinical context being modelled.
D-Efficient Design
An experimental design for a discrete choice experiment built to minimise the statistical variance of estimated attribute parameters for a fixed number of tasks.
Days Cash on Hand
A financial ratio measuring how many days an organisation could cover its operating expenses using only available cash reserves, without extra revenue.
Deadweight Loss
The loss of total economic welfare when a market does not operate at its efficient equilibrium, such as due to a tax or monopoly.
Debt Ratio
A financial ratio calculated as total liabilities divided by total assets, showing the proportion of assets financed through debt rather than equity.
Decile
A descriptive statistic dividing a ranked dataset into ten equal-sized groups, the first decile being the bottom ten percent and the tenth the top.
Decision Making
The cognitive process of selecting a course of action from alternatives using preferences, evidence, constraints and anticipated consequences.
Decision Node
A point in a decision tree at which a choice must be made between two or more strategies, unlike a chance node.
Decision Rule
A decision rule is an explicit criterion for choosing between healthcare interventions by comparing their incremental costs and health effects with the relevant cost-effectiveness threshold.
Decision Tree
A decision tree is a branching decision-analytic model that represents choices, uncertain events and terminal outcomes so the expected costs and consequences of alternative strategies can be calculated.
Delta Adjustment
A sensitivity analysis technique shifting the assumed outcome for patients with missing trial data by a specified amount to test conclusions' robustness.
Delta Method
A statistical technique approximating the variance of a function of random variables using a Taylor series expansion, used for ratios such as the ICER.